Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated to central nervous system (CNS) harm, and virus was detected in the brain and cerebrospinal fluids of microcephaly and meningoencephalitis cases. However, the ...mechanism by which the virus reaches the CNS is unclear. Here, we addressed the effects of ZIKV replication in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), as an
model of blood brain barrier (BBB), and evaluated virus extravasation and BBB integrity in an
mouse experimental model. HBMECs were productively infected by African and Brazilian ZIKV strains (ZIKV
and ZIKV
), which induce increased production of type I and type III IFN, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Infection with ZIKV
promoted earlier cellular death, in comparison to ZIKV
, but infection with either strain did not result in enhanced endothelial permeability. Despite the maintenance of endothelial integrity, infectious virus particles crossed the monolayer by endocytosis/exocytosis-dependent replication pathway or by transcytosis. Remarkably, both viruses' strains infected IFNAR deficient mice, with high viral load being detected in the brains, without BBB disruption, which was only detected at later time points after infection. These data suggest that ZIKV infects and activates endothelial cells, and might reach the CNS through basolateral release, transcytosis or transinfection processes. These findings further improve the current knowledge regarding ZIKV dissemination pathways.
Resistance to antiretroviral drugs has been a major obstacle for long-lasting treatment of HIV-infected patients. The development of models to predict drug resistance is recognized as useful for ...helping the decision of the best therapy for each HIV+ individual. The aim of this study was to develop classifiers for predicting resistance to the HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir using a probabilistic neural network (PNN). The data were provided by the Molecular Virology Laboratory of the Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (CCS-UFRJ/Brazil). Using bootstrap and stepwise techniques, ten features were selected by logistic regression (LR) to be used as inputs to the network. Bootstrap and cross-validation were used to define the smoothing parameter of the PNN networks. Four balanced models were designed and evaluated using a separate test set. The accuracies of the classifiers with the test set ranged from 0.89 to 0.94, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) ranged from 0.96 to 0.97. The sensitivity ranged from 0.94 to 1.00, and the specificity was between 0.88 and 0.92. Four classifiers showed performances very close to three existing expert-based interpretation systems, the HIVdb, the Rega and the ANRS algorithms, and to a k-Nearest Neighbor.
ABSTRACT
The decline in number and function of T cells is a hallmark of HIV infection, and preservation or restoration of HIV‐specific cellular immune response is a major goal of AIDS treatment. ...Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of the immune response, and their use as a vaccine vehicle is a promising strategy for enhancing vaccine efficacy. We evaluated the potential of DC‐mediated immunization with a DNA vaccine consisting of HIV‐1‐p55gag (gag, group‐specific antigen) associated to lysosomal associated protein (LAMP) sequence (LAMP/gag vaccine). Immunization of mice with mouse DCs transfected with LAMP/gag (Lg‐mDCs) stimulated more potent B‐ and T‐cell responses than naked DNA or DCs pulsed with inactivated HIV. Anti‐Gag antibody levels were sustained for at least 3 mo after immunization, and recall T‐cell responses were also strongly detected at this time point. Human DCs transfected with LAMP/gag (Lg‐hDCs) were also activated and able to stimulate greater T‐cell response than native gag‐transfected DCs. Coculture between Lg‐hDCs and T lymphocytes obtained from patients with HIV resulted in upregulation of CD38, CD69, HLA‐DR, and granzyme B by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased IFN‐γ and TNF‐α production. These results indicate that the use of LAMP/gag‐DC may be an efficient strategy for enhancing immune function in patients with HIV.—Lucas, C. G. D. O., Matassoli, F. L., Peçanha, L. M. T., Santillo, B. T., Oliveira, L. M. D. S., Oshiro, T. M., Marques, E. T. D. A., Jr., Oxenius, A., de Arruda, L. B. Dendritic cells primed with a chimeric plasmid containing HIV‐1‐gag associated with lysosomal‐associated protein‐1 (LAMP/gag) is a potential therapeutic vaccine against HIV. FASEB J. 30, 2970‐2984 (2016). www.fasebj.org
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of crop development on evapotranspiration and yield of beans (
Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at the Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Campinas, State of São ...Paulo, Brazil, during the dry season of 1994. A completely randomized design was carried out with three population density treatments and four replications. The treatments were: (a) crop sown in evapotranspirometers at a density of 50
plants
m
−2, and thereafter thinned to 25
plants
m
−2, when the canopy achieved full ground cover; (b) crop sown with population densities of 14 and 28
plants
m
−2 in an irrigated field. Crop growth was evaluated considering dry matter (DM), vegetative ground cover (GC%) and leaf area index (LAI). These parameters were successfully related to basal crop coefficient (
k
cb) and crop coefficient (
k
c), demonstrating the strong dependence of both coefficients on canopy development. A simulation study was carried out and showed that
k
cb based on LAI would allow good estimates of water use for different plant density populations in the field.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different microirrigation designs on root system distribution in wet bulb region, orange orchard yield and quality of orange fruits. The experiment ...was installed as random blocks with five treatments and four replicates in an orchard of 'Pêra' orange trees grafted on 'Cleopatra' mandarin rootstock. The treatments consisted of: one drip line (T1), two drip lines (T2), four drip lines (T3) per planting row, microsprinkler irrigation (T4) and without irrigation (T5). Irrigation treatments favored yield and ºBrix. The treatment with a single drip line (T1) showed the greatest quantity of roots in relation to the treatments T2 and T3.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes configurações da irrigação localizada na distribuição do sistema radicular na região do bulbo úmido, na produção e na qualidade dos frutos de laranjeira. O experimento foi instalado em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, em pomar de plantas adultas de laranjeira-Pera enxertada em tangerina-Cleópatra. Os tratamentos consistiram em parcelas com uma linha de tubogotejador (T1), duas linhas de tubogotejadores (T2), quatro linhas de tubogotejadores (T3) por linha de plantio, microaspersão (T4) e sem irrigação (T5). Os tratamentos irrigados favoreceram a produção e o teor de ºBrix. Observou-se maior concentração de raízes na região do bulbo úmido no T1 em relação ao T2 e ao T3.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different microirrigation designs on root system distribution in wet bulb region, orange orchard yield and quality of orange fruits. The experiment ...was installed as random blocks with five treatments and four replicates in an orchard of 'Pêra' orange trees grafted on 'Cleopatra' mandarin rootstock. The treatments consisted of: one drip line (T1), two drip lines (T2), four drip lines (T3) per planting row, microsprinkler irrigation (T4) and without irrigation (T5). Irrigation treatments favored yield and ºBrix. The treatment with a single drip line (T1) showed the greatest quantity of roots in relation to the treatments T2 and T3.O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes configurações da irrigação localizada na distribuição do sistema radicular na região do bulbo úmido, na produção e na qualidade dos frutos de laranjeira. O experimento foi instalado em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, em pomar de plantas adultas de laranjeira-Pera enxertada em tangerina-Cleópatra. Os tratamentos consistiram em parcelas com uma linha de tubogotejador (T1), duas linhas de tubogotejadores (T2), quatro linhas de tubogotejadores (T3) por linha de plantio, microaspersão (T4) e sem irrigação (T5). Os tratamentos irrigados favoreceram a produção e o teor de ºBrix. Observou-se maior concentração de raízes na região do bulbo úmido no T1 em relação ao T2 e ao T3.
Desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura da batata irrigada por gotejamento em dois sistemas de cultivo Silva, João A.(Instituto Agronômico Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Ecofisiologia e Biofísica); Pires, Regina C. M.(Instituto Agronômico Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Ecofisiologia e Biofísica); Sakai, Emilio(Instituto Agronômico Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Ecofisiologia e Biofísica) ...
Engenharia Agrícola,
2007, Letnik:
27, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
O presente trabalho avalia o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura da batata cv. Monalisa, irrigada por gotejamento, conduzida em parcelas com o plantio tradicional em linhas simples (LS), ...espaçadas de 0,75 m, e em linhas duplas (LD), com espaçamentos alternados de 0,60 e 0,90 m, dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com oito repetições. O cultivo em LS recebeu uma linha de tubogotejador por linha de plantas, enquanto no cultivo em LD, o tubogotejador foi instalado entre as linhas de menor espaçamento. O plantio da batata foi realizado em 19 de abril de 2005, e a colheita, em 15 de agosto de 2005, em Itobi - SP, sendo a mesma densidade de plantio nos dois tratamentos. A matéria seca da parte aérea e o índice de área foliar não diferiram estatisticamente nos dois sistemas de cultivo. O sistema de plantio em LD proporcionou maior produtividade de batatas, comparado ao sistema em LS. A qualidade da produção foi semelhante em ambos os sistemas de cultivo.
This work evaluates the vegetative growth and yield of irrigated potato plants cv. Monalisa under traditional planting in a single row (TP), spaced by 0.75 m, and under a double row planting (DL), spaced by 0.60 and 0.90 m between rows, in a complete randomized block design with eight replications. The TP had one trickle line per row and the DL had one trickle line placed in the middle of the narrower row space. The planting date was in April 19, 2005 and the harvest was on August 15, 2005, in Itobi - SP, Brazil. Plant population was the same for both treatments. Leaf area index and above ground dry matter were not different in both planting system. The double row planting system provided a better final yield. Yield quality wasnt affected by the cultivation systems.
Reference evapotranspiration (
E
o), together with the crop coefficient (
k
c), allows to generate crop curves of water consumption to manage irrigation for several crops. However,
E
o estimates ...using different methods has led to quite distinct results. In this work a comparison is made of
E
o estimates by Penman–Monteith, Class A evaporation pan and measured water consumption of grass to generate crop curves corrected by leaf area to manage irrigation of a field of beans, in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, during the period of September to November 1994. The water consumption of the grass and of the bean plants was measured using compensation lysimeters, under which condition the relations between basal crop coefficient (
k
cb) and beans leaf area index (
L) were developed for each
E
o method. The relations obtained were all statistically significant and correct well the differences in water use of a field of irrigated beans sown in population densities of 14 and 28 plants
m
−2, as it was evaluated by a field water balance. The best crop curves, for both irrigated population treatments, was obtained based on the Penman–Monteith method, followed by the Class A method and by the grass compensation lysimeter. It was also verified that reliable estimates of
E
o could be obtained for an interval of at least 5 and 7 days, respectively, for grass compensation lysimeter and Class A evaporation pan.
Objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, avaliar o efeito da irrigação, da fertigação mineral e da vinhaça, aplicadas via irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial, no número de perfilhos, produção de colmos, ...qualidade tecnológica e rendimento de açúcar recuperável, nos três primeiros ciclos de cana-soca. Os tratamentos foram: T1NI - Cultivo não irrigado com adubação mineral; T2I - Cultivo irrigado e fertirrigado com fertilizantes minerais; T3Iv - Cultivo irrigado e fertirrigado com a vinhaça suprindo o K e complementação do NP via fertilizantes minerais e T4IV - Cultivo irrigado e fertirrigado, com a vinhaça suprindo o NPK. No ciclo da primeira cana-soca não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis; já nos ciclos subsequentes o T2I e o T3Iv exibiram maiores números de perfilhos, 17,4 e 17,2 perfilhos m-1 na segunda cana-soca e 16,6 e 16,0 perfilhos m-1 na terceira cana-soca, respectivamente. A produção de colmo foi alterada com o T4Iv obtendo-se a maior produção, 179,6 Mg ha-1, na segunda cana-soca e T2I e T3Iv na terceira cana-soca, 151,5 e 151,0 Mg ha-1, respectivamente. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a qualidade tecnológica e no ciclo da segunda cana-soca os T3Iv e T4IV exibiram elevado rendimento de açúcar, 25 e 25,9 Mg ha-1, respectivamente.
The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of irrigation and fertigation with mineral fertilizer and vinasse applied by subsurface drip irrigation, in the number of tiller, stem yield, technological quality of sugarcane and yield of recoverable sugar in first three cycles of ratoon cane. The treatments were: T1NI - cultivation without irrigation with mineral fertilization; T2I - cultivation fertigated with mineral fertilizers; T3Iv - cultivation fertigated with the vinasse supplying K and complementation of NP with mineral fertilizer; T4IV - cultivation fertigated with the vinasse supplying NPK. In the cycle of the first ratoon cane, there was no effect of treatments on the variables, already in the subsequent cycles, the T2I and T3Iv showed higher numbers of tillers, 17.4 and 17.2 tiller m-1, in the second ratoon cane and 16.6 and 16.0 tiller m-1 in the third ratoon cane, respectively. The stem yield was amended with the T4IV obtaining the higher yield, 179.6 Mg ha-1, in the second ratoon cane, and the T2I and T3Iv in the third ratoon cane, 151.5 and 151.0 Mg ha-1, respectively. There was no treatment effect on the technological quality and in the second ratoon cane the T3Iv and T4IV showed higher yield of sugar, 25 and 25.9 Mg ha-1, respectively.
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