Cholinergic modulation of striatal microcircuits Abudukeyoumu, Nilupaer; Hernandez‐Flores, Teresa; Garcia‐Munoz, Marianela ...
European journal of neuroscience/EJN. European journal of neuroscience,
March 2019, Letnik:
49, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap between earlier literature on striatal cholinergic interneurons and mechanisms of microcircuit interaction demonstrated with the use of newly available ...tools. It is well known that the main source of the high level of acetylcholine in the striatum, compared to other brain regions, is the cholinergic interneurons. These interneurons provide an extensive local innervation that suggests they may be a key modulator of striatal microcircuits. Supporting this idea requires the consideration of functional properties of these interneurons, their influence on medium spiny neurons, other interneurons, and interactions with other synaptic regulators. Here, we underline the effects of intrastriatal and extrastriatal afferents onto cholinergic interneurons and discuss the activation of pre‐ and postsynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors that participate in the modulation of intrastriatal neuronal interactions. We further address recent findings about corelease of other transmitters in cholinergic interneurons and actions of these interneurons in striosome and matrix compartments. In addition, we summarize recent evidence on acetylcholine‐mediated striatal synaptic plasticity and propose roles for cholinergic interneurons in normal striatal physiology. A short examination of their role in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Tourette's pathologies and dystonia is also included.
We review literature on striatal cholinergic interneurons: their synaptic and non‐synaptic release, afferents, and connectivity with the activation of pre‐ and postsynaptic cholinergic receptors and their role in the modulation of normal and pathological microcircuits. Drawings illustrate glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents and magnified microcircuit with cholinergic interneuron (red) surrounded by GABAergic interneurons (different colors) and medium spiny neurons (green).
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. ...Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell‐based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
Main Points
OECs ontogeny, physiological, morphological and molecular characteristics.
OECs properties making them suitable for neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI.
Promising results of OECs cell therapy for SCI (animal models and clinical studies).
El cromo es uno de los contaminantes más importantes del agua siendo el Cr(VI) el de mayor impacto ambiental. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la capacidad de adsorción de un biosorbente ...formado por quitosano-cáscara de naranja (CTS-OPW) para eliminar cromo hexavalente del agua. La novedad de este trabajo es la evaluación del efecto del proceso de secado (en horno, en horno de vacío y liofilización) sobre la capacidad de adsorción de cromo. Los adsorbentes se caracterizan mediante difracción de rayos X, espectroscopia FTIR y cinética de adsorción e isotermas midiendo la concentración de Cr(VI) mediante absorción UV-Vis a 540 nm después de formar complejos con 1,5-difenilcarbazida. La capacidad de adsorción se mejora a pH 2,0 y tamaño de partícula OPW de 0.300 micrones. El hombro que aparece a 944 cm-1 después de la adsorción de Cr(VI) en los tres tipos de perlas CTS-OPW indica que el ion cromato se está uniendo al adsorbente. El análisis de chi-cuadrada (χ2) indica que la isoterma de Freundlich se ajusta mejor que la isoterma de Langmuir para todas las perlas CTS-OPW, y que el mejor ajuste para la cinética de adsorción se obtiene con el modelo de Elovich. También se evaluó la capacidad de adsorción de las perlas CTS-OPW para los tres tipos de secado. Se puede concluir que las perlas secadas al horno de vacío tienen la mayor capacidad de adsorción de cromo hexavalente, 33.89 mg g-1, seguidas de las perlas liofilizadas, 32.4 mg g-1, y finalmente las perlas secadas al horno con un valor de 27.5 mg. g-1.
Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which environmental conditions and several genes play an important role in the development of this disease. Obesity is associated with neurodegenerative ...diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington diseases) and with neurodevelopmental diseases (autism disorder, schizophrenia, Fragile X syndrome). Some of the environmental conditions that lead to obesity are physical activity, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, parent feeding behavior, and diet. Interestingly, some of these environmental conditions are shared with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Obesity impairs neurodevelopment abilities as memory and fine-motor skills. Moreover, maternal obesity affects the cognitive function and mental health of the offspring. The common biological mechanisms involved in obesity and neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases are insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage, among others, leading to impaired brain development or cell death. Obesogenic environmental conditions are not the only factors that influence in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. In fact, several genes implicated in the leptin-melanocortin pathway (LEP, LEPR, POMC, BDNF, MC4R, PCSK1, SIM1, BDNF, TRKB, etc.) are associated with obesity and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Moreover, in the last decades, the discovery of new genes associated with obesity (FTO, NRXN3, NPC1, NEGR1, MTCH2, GNPDA2, among others), and with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases (APOE, CD38, SIRT1, TNFα, PAI-1, TREM2, SYT4, FMR1, TET3, among others) had opened new pathways to comprehend the common mechanisms involved in these diseases. In conclusion, the obesogenic environmental conditions, the genes, and the interaction gene-environment would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases.
The study of the fungal community composition in house dust is useful to assess the accumulative exposure to fungi in indoor environments. The objective of this research was to characterize the ...fungal diversity of house dust and its association with the environmental conditions of bedrooms. For this, the dust was collected from 41 bedrooms of children between the ages of 8 and 9 with a family history of asthma, residents of Havana, Cuba. The fungal content of each sample was determined by two methods: plate culture with malt extract agar and by direct microscopy. An ecological analysis was carried out from the fungal diversity detected. To describe the factors associated with the fungi detected, bivariate logistic regression was used. Through direct microscopy, between 10 and 2311 fragments of hyphae and spores corresponding mainly to
Cladosporium
,
Coprinus
,
Curvularia
,
Aspergillus
/
Penicillium
,
Xylariaceae
, and
Periconia
were identified. Through the culture, 0–208 CFU were quantified, where
Aspergillus
,
Cladosporium
, and
Penicillium
predominated. The culturability evidenced the differences between the quantification determined by both methods. A positive relationship was found between the type of cleaning of the furniture, the presence of trees in front of the bedroom, indoor relative humidity, indoor temperature, the presence of air conditioning, and natural ventilation with specific spore types and genera. The use of two different identification methods allowed to detect a greater fungal diversity in the residences evaluated. Monitoring the exposure to these fungal allergens in childhood can help to prevent sensitization in the allergic child, the development of asthma, and other respiratory diseases.
To prevent the spread of diseases in humans, animals or plants, determining whether potential vectors are infected is crucial. For example, early detection of the citrus disease Huanglongbing, which ...has been a scourge on the citrus industries around the world, is a critical need. This vector-borne disease is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, which carries the putative bacterial phytopathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). In this investigation, we introduced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to reveal key biochemical differences between CLas-infected and non-infected psyllids. The emission spectra captured from laser ablation of CLas-infected and healthy psyllids were processed through the principal component analysis (PCA) method and compared. Thirteen peaks from seven different elements were detected in D. citri. The t-test showed that CLas-infected D. citri were deficients in zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen. The PCA showed that LIBS can successfully differentiate between CLas-infected and healthy D. citri by comparing their elemental profile. In this work, we demonstrated a method that allows for a fast and precise compositional microanalysis of an insect vector which can contribute to the early detection of citrus huanglongbing.
The chemical diversity of sphingolipids in plants allows the assignment of specific roles to special molecular species. These roles include NaCl receptors for glycosylinositolphosphoceramides or ...second messengers for long-chain bases (LCBs), free or in their acylated forms. Such signaling function has been associated with plant immunity, with an apparent connection to mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This work used in planta assays with mutants and fumonisin B1 (FB1) to generate varying levels of endogenous sphingolipids. This was complemented with in planta pathogenicity tests using virulent and avirulent
strains. Our results indicate that the surge of specific free LCBs and ceramides induced by FB1 or an avirulent strain trigger a biphasic ROS production. The first transient phase is partially produced by NADPH oxidase, and the second is sustained and is related to programmed cell death. MPK6 acts downstream of LCB buildup and upstream of late ROS and is required to selectively inhibit the growth of the avirulent but not the virulent strain. Altogether, these results provide evidence that a LCB- MPK6- ROS signaling pathway contributes differentially to the two forms of immunity described in plants, upregulating the defense scheme of a non-compatible interaction.
Abstract A recent approach to promote central nervous system (CNS) regeneration after injury or disease is direct conversion of somatic cells to neurons. This is achieved by transduction of viral ...vectors that express neurogenic transcription factors. In this work we propose adult human mucosal olfactory ensheathing glia (hmOEG) as a candidate for direct reprogramming to neurons due to its accessibility and to its well-characterized neuroregenerative capacity. After induction of hmOEG with the single neurogenic transcription factor NEUROD1, the cells under study exhibited morphological and immunolabeling neuronal features, fired action potentials and expressed glutamatergic and GABAergic markers. In addition, after engraftment of transduced hmOEG cells in the mouse hippocampus, these cells showed specific neuronal labeling. Thereby, if we add to the neuroregenerative capacity of hmOEG cultures the conversion to neurons of a fraction of their population through reprogramming techniques, the engraftment of hmOEG and hmOEG-induced neurons could be a procedure to enhance neural repair after central nervous system injury.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2n first appeared in Wuhan, China in 2019. Soon after, it was declared a pandemic by the World Health ...Organization. The health crisis imposed by a new virus and its rapid spread worldwide prompted the fast development of vaccines. For the first time in human history, two vaccines based on recombinant genetic material technology were approved for human use. These mRNA vaccines were applied in massive immunization programs around the world, followed by other vaccines based on more traditional approaches. Even though all vaccines were tested in clinical trials prior to their general administration, serious adverse events, usually of very low incidence, were mostly identified after application of millions of doses. Establishing a direct correlation (the cause‐effect paradigm) between vaccination and the appearance of adverse effects has proven challenging. This review focuses on the main adverse effects observed after vaccination, including anaphylaxis, myocarditis, vaccine‐induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and transverse myelitis reported in the context of COVID‐19 vaccination. We highlight the symptoms, laboratory tests required for an adequate diagnosis, and briefly outline the recommended treatments for these adverse effects. The aim of this work is to increase awareness among healthcare personnel about the serious adverse events that may arise post‐vaccination. Regardless of the ongoing discussion about the safety of COVID‐19 vaccination, these adverse effects must be identified promptly and treated effectively to reduce the risk of complications.
Figure summarizes the serious adverse events in cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems after massive administration of approved vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2. A color code is used for each vaccine: mRNA and adenoviral platforms according to the manufacturer.
Hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (AVP)‐containing magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (AVPMNN) emit collaterals to synaptically innervate limbic regions influencing learning, motivational ...behaviour, and fear responses. Here, we characterize the dynamics of expression changes of two key determinants for synaptic strength, the postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins AMPAR subunit GluA1 and PSD scaffolding protein 95 (PSD95), in response to in vivo manipulations of AVPMNN neuronal activation state, or exposure to exogenous AVP ex vivo. Both long‐term water deprivation in vivo, which powerfully upregulates AVPMNN metabolic activity, and exogenous AVP application ex vivo, in brain slices, significantly increased GluA1 and PSD95 expression as measured by western blotting, in brain regions reportedly receiving direct ascending innervations from AVPMNN (i.e., ventral hippocampus, amygdala and lateral habenula). By contrast, the visual cortex, a region not observed to receive AVPMNN projections, showed no such changes. Ex vivo application of V1a and V1b antagonists to ventral hippocampal slices ablated the AVP stimulated increase in postsynaptic protein expression measured by western blotting. Using a modified expansion microscopy technique, we were able to quantitatively assess the significant augmentation of PSD95 and GLUA1 densities in subcellular compartments in locus coeruleus tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive fibres, adjacent to AVP axon terminals. Our data strongly suggest that the AVPMNN ascending system plays a role in the regulation of the excitability of targeted neuronal circuits through upregulation of key postsynaptic density proteins corresponding to excitatory synapses.
Water deprivation in vivo and vasopressin application ex vivo, increase the expression of postsynaptic density proteins PSD95 and GluA1 in limbic regions
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