Gender inequity is prevalent in the workplace. It violates the principle of equal treatment for all employees, and often leads to problems with retention, morale, and performance. Individuals, ...however, may have different perceptions of gender inequity. In this study, we examined the relationship between individual and organizational level variables and perceived gender inequity for a sample of church workers. Regression analysis was used to test several hypotheses informed by social psychological theories. The results showed that (1) individuals perceived gender inequity in the workplace; (2) organizational level variables had more effect on perceived gender inequity than individual level variables; and (3) compared to men, women perceived greater gender inequity favoring males. Discussion, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.
A murine monoclonal antibody, CP.B8, specific for the extracellular portion of the human common γ (γc) chain, and its Fab fragment are shown to block the binding of IL-2 to COS-7 cells transfected ...with the cDNA for the full-length IL-2 receptor β (IL-2Rβ) and γc chains, components which together comprise the intermediate affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expressed on the surface of resting T cells, NK cells, and on certain intestinal epithelial cells. To investigate the mechanism of this inhibition, the extracellular portions of the IL-2Rβ and γc chains were expressed and purified, and their interactions with each other and with IL-2 were studied by gel filtration and by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). By gel filtration, a stable ternary complex was formed by association of the three proteins, while no stable binary complexes were detected between any two of the three proteins. By SPR analysis, IL-2 was shown to associate rapidly with IL-2Rβ, forming a binary complex with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K d) of 800 nM, which permitted subsequent association of the γc chain. Dissociation of the IL-2/IL-2Rβ/γc chain complex was significantly slower than dissociation of the IL-2/IL-2Rβ complex. Using these model systems, we tested the ability of mAb CP.B8 to inhibit the association of the γc chain with IL-2 and IL-2Rβ. By gel filtration, mAb CP.B8 formed a stable complex with the γc chain, preventing its association with IL-2 and IL-2Rβ. MAb CP.B8 was also capable of dissociating the γc chain already complexed with IL-2 and IL-2Rβ. SPR analysis confirmed these findings and showed, in addition, that the Fab fragment of CP.B8 was also capable of inhibiting the association of the γc chain with the IL-2/IL-2Rβ complex. We conclude that mAb CP.B8 blocks the second step in the formation of the intermediate affinity IL-2R on the surface of transfected COS-7 cells by binding at or close to a region on the γc chain that is involved in contact with IL-2 and/or IL-2Rβ.
An analysis of dietary survey data from Sweden and Ireland revealed that with a declining ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI : BMR), %energy from fat, saturated fat and ...carbohydrate fell while that of protein increased. However, where the definition of under-reporting is less strict, as in the Irish database (EI : BMR) < (1·27), the quantitative effect on macronutrient balance, while statistically significant, is not of such magnitude as to be of nutritional significance. However, with respect to foods, under-reporting was found to be of considerable significance in using such data to formulate food-based dietary guidelines. The Swedish data show that under-reporting of foods is associated with a decreasing percentage of consumers, decreasing intake per eating occasion and decreasing frequency of eating. The development of food-based dietary guidelines will involve comparisons of patterns of food intake among people with contrasting high or low intakes of target nutrients. The Swedish data compared food intakes for those with low or high intakes of saturated fatty acids (SFA) among under-reporters and acceptable reporters of energy intake. Whereas absolute values were always lower with the lower EI : BMR group (< 1·1) compared to the higher EI : BMR group (> 1·35) the ratio of intakes for the low vs. high SFA groups were broadly significant at either EI : BMR ratio. This paper highlights the difficulties that under-reporting will pose for food-based dietary guidelines.
The once-contiguous North Atlantic craton (NAC) is crosscut by the Labrador Sea that opened during the Early Cenozoic after extensive Mesozoic continental rifting and removal of cratonic mantle. This ...large-scale structural change within the cratonic lithosphere was followed at about 150 Ma by the cessation of ultrapotassic and potassic-to-carbonatitic magma production, which had prevailed throughout much of the NAC history. At Aillik Bay, a sequence of olivine lamproites (1374.2+/-4.2 Ma, 2 sigma ), aillikites/carbonatites (590-555 Ma), and nephelinites (141.6+/-1.0 Ma, 2 sigma ) erupted through the southern NAC edge on the present-day Labrador Sea margin. Links between these alkaline magma types with diverse petrogeneses as a consequence of large-scale processes in the lithospheric mantle over a period of 1200 Myr are demonstrated utilizing their Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotope compositions. The Mesoproterozoic olivine lamproites are characterized by unradiogenic Nd ( epsilon sub(N) sub(d) sub(() sub(i) sub())=-8.4 to -5.4), Hf ( epsilon sub(H) sub(f) sub(() sub(i) sub())=-11 to -7.8), and Pb ( super(2) super(0) super(6)Pb / super(2) super(0) super(4)Pb sub(() sub(i) sub())=14.2-14.8) but moderately radiogenic Sr isotope compositions ( super(8) super(7)Sr/ super(8) super(6)Sr sub(() sub(i) sub())=0.7047-0.7062) fingerprinting long-term enriched cratonic mantle, which must have reached to depths of more than 150 km at this time. In contrast, Neoproterozoic carbonate-rich aillikites and carbonatites have fairly radiogenic Nd ( epsilon sub(N) sub(d) sub(() sub(i) sub())=0.1-1.8), Hf ( epsilon sub(H) sub(f) sub(() sub(i) sub())=-0.9 to +2.6), and Pb ( super(2) super(0) super(6)Pb / super(2) super(0) super(4)Pb sub(() sub(i) sub())=17.5-18.8) but unradiogenic Sr isotope compositions ( super(8) super(7)Sr/ super(8) super(6)Sr sub(() sub(i) sub())=0.7033-0.7046) that point to the involvement of convective upper mantle material during melting. Simple binary mixing calculations coupled with the observation that carbonate-rich magmatism prevailed for over 30 Myr in the area imply a complex pattern of lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction at depths between ~180 and 140 km. The Cretaceous nephelinites have slightly unradiogenic Nd ( epsilon sub(N) sub(d) sub(() sub(i) sub())=-4 to -1.4), moderately radiogenic initial super(8) super(7)Sr/ super(8) super(6)Sr (0.7044-0.7062), but initial epsilon sub(H) sub(f) (-3.3 to +1.4) similar to the aillikites and highly radiogenic Pb ( super(2) super(0) super(6)Pb / super(2) super(0) super(4)Pb sub(() sub(i) sub())=19.1-20.2) isotope compositions. Their sodic mafic alkaline nature reflects partial melting at a higher level of the cratonic mantle tapping metasomatic components that had been introduced during the >30 Myr of Neoproterozoic aillikite /carbonatite magmatism. The new super(4) super(0)Ar/ super(3) super(9)Ar age and Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotope data, along with petrological arguments, suggest that at least 30 km of the cratonic mantle beneath the southern NAC edge had been replaced by the hotter upwelling asthenosphere between ca. 550 Ma, when a thick diamond-bearing lithosphere was present, and 150 Ma. This lithospheric thinning presumably occurred shortly prior to Cretaceous continental rifting in response to enhanced plate-tectonic stresses focused at this zone of persistent lithospheric weakness. It appears, however, that the recurrent volatile-rich alkaline magmatism and associated mantle metasomatism played an important role in destroying the structural integrity of the cratonic mantle thereby aiding the subsequent lithosphere thinning.
This study integrates three independent subjects--translation theory, Mandarin aspect, and Greek aspect--for the purpose of formulating a theory applicable to translating the Bible. Two passages from ...John 18-19 and 1 Corinthians 15 are provided as test cases.
Two phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes with both hydrolase and transferase activities were isolated from
Streptomyces chromofuscus. There were substantial differences in the kinetic properties of the two ...PLD enzymes towards monomeric, micellar, and vesicle substrates. The most striking difference was that the higher molecular weight enzyme (PLD
57 ∼57 kDa) could be activated allosterically with a low mole fraction of phosphatidic acid (PA) incorporated into a PC bilayer (Geng et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 12195–12202). PLD
42/20, a tightly associated complex of two peptides, one of 42 kDa and the other 20 kDa, had a 4–6-fold higher
V
max toward PC substrates than PLD
57 and was not activated by PA. N-Terminal sequencing of both enzymes indicated that both components of PLD
42/20 were cleavage products of PLD
57. The larger component included the N-terminal segment of PLD
57 and contained the active site. The N-terminus of the smaller peptide corresponded to the C-terminal region of PLD
57; this peptide had no PLD activity by itself. Increasing the pH of PLD
42/20 to 8.9, followed by chromatography of PLD
42/20 on a HiTrap Q column at pH 8.5 separated the 42- and 20-kDa proteins. The 42-kDa complex had about the same specific activity with or without the 20-kDa fragment. The lack of PA activation for the 42-kDa protein and for PLD
42/20 indicates that an intact C-terminal region of PLD
57 is necessary for activation by PA. Furthermore, the mechanism for transmission of the allosteric signal requires an intact PLD
57.
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