La agroindustria en economías emergentes debe ser una prioridad estratégica para promover la competitividad. El Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, consciente de ello, lideró durante los ...últimos 5 años el proyecto "Agendas Prospectivas de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico", para cadenas productivas. Esta iniciativa, mediante la implementación de un Sistema de Inteligencia, identificó demandas tecnológicas que al ser analizadas permitieron reconocer, para la disciplina de la ingeniería, un conjunto de retos centrados en el fortalecimiento de la agroindustria, los cuales deberán ser afrontados por los actores de la academia involucrados con el desarrollo tecnológico. PALABRAS CLAVES Cadenas productivas agroindustriales, competitividad, desarrollo tecnológico, ingeniería, inteligencia tecnológica, prospectiva tecnológica Engineering Challenges for Agroindustry Technological Development Agroindustry in emerging economies should be a strategic priority to promote competitiveness. Aware of this, over the last 5 years, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development have taken the "Prospective Agendas for Research and Technological Development" to productive chains. This initiative, through the implementation of an Intelligence System, identified the technological demands that when analyzed allowed engineers to recognize a set of challenges focused on strengthening the agricultural industry, which must be dealt with by academic actors involved in technological development. KEY WORDS Agro-industry productive chains, competitiveness, engineering, technological development, technological intelligence, technological prospective.
Se efectuó un estudio observacional y analítico de casos y controles en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de ...Cuba, del 2001 al 2010, en los 248 pacientes a quienes se les realizó sustitución valvular aórtica, con empleo tanto de prótesis mecánica como biológica, de los cuales se tomaron como muestra los 30 fallecidos durante dicha etapa (grupo de casos) y 60 intervenidos seleccionados de forma aleatoria (grupo de controles). Pudo observarse un predominio de la estenosis aórtica, el sexo masculino y las edades avanzadas. En la serie la mortalidad resultó de 12,1 % y como factores predictores de esta, mediante el análisis por regresión logística, fueron identificados: las cifras de creatinina elevadas en el período preoperatorio, el tiempo prolongado de derivación cardiopulmonar, la protección miocárdica no óptima, la recuperación cardíaca no espontánea y las complicaciones neurológicas.
Se efectuó un estudio observacional y analítico de casos y controles en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de ...Cuba, del 2001 al 2010, en los 248 pacientes a quienes se les realizó sustitución valvular aórtica, con empleo tanto de prótesis mecánica como biológica, de los cuales se tomaron como muestra los 30 fallecidos durante dicha etapa (grupo de casos) y 60 intervenidos seleccionados de forma aleatoria (grupo de controles). Pudo observarse un predominio de la estenosis aórtica, el sexo masculino y las edades avanzadas. En la serie la mortalidad resultó de 12,1 % y como factores predictores de esta, mediante el análisis por regresión logística, fueron identificados: las cifras de creatinina elevadas en el período preoperatorio, el tiempo prolongado de derivación cardiopulmonar, la protección miocárdica no óptima, la recuperación cardíaca no espontánea y las complicaciones neurológicas.An observational and analytic case-control study was carried out in the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of "Saturnino Lora Torres" Provincial Teaching Clinical-Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from 2001 to 2010, in the 248 patients to whom an aortic valvar replacement was carried out, with the use of both mechanical and biological prosthesis, of which the 30 deaths during this stage (cases group) and 60 surgically treated selected at random (controls group) were taken as samples. A prevalence of aortic stenosis, the male sex and the advanced ages could be observed. In the series mortality was 12.1% and as predictors of it, by means of the logistical regression analysis, there were: the levels of high creatinine in the preoperative period, the long time of cardiopulmonary bypass, non optimal myocardial protection, non spontaneous heart recovery and the neurological complications.
The visualization of images, both photographic and infographic, is a process that depends on a series of features that define the user (user profile: age, sex, experience), the visual message (type ...of image, resolution, quality), and the display (size, resolution, type of screen). When we can determine how the tree features relate, the communicative messages based on visual aspects will be more efficient for both the user and the technological output. The main objective of the research work presented in this paper is to determine whether differences in the visualization of specific types of images related to the architecture framework, have significant statistic differences depending on the gender of the user. The reflection of the existence of such differences in the future will allow us to define the characteristics of the image and the display conditions to maximize the emotional communication depending on the type of user.
Rationale: Caffeine and other methylxanthines induce behavioral activation and anxiety responses in mice via antagonist action at A sub(2A) adenosine receptors. When combined with the opioid ...antagonist naloxone, methylxanthines produce a characteristic quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome (QMWS) in opiate-naive animals. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the role of A sub(2A) receptors in the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome induced by co-administration of caffeine and naloxone and in the behavioral effects of caffeine. Methods: We have used A sub(2A) receptor knockout (A sub(2A)R super(-/-)) mice in comparison with their wild-type and heterozygous littermates to measure locomotor activity in the open field and withdrawal symptoms induced by caffeine and naloxone. Naive wild-type and knockout mice were also examined for enkephalin and dynorphin mRNA expression by in situ hybridization and for mu -opiate receptor by ligand binding autoradiography to check for possible opiate receptor changes induced by A sub(2A) receptor inactivation. Results: Caffeine increases locomotion and anxiety in wild-type animals, but it has no psychomotor effects in A sub(2A)R super(-/-) mice. Co-administration of caffeine (20 mg/kg) and naloxone (2 mg/kg) resulted in a severe quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome in wild-type mice that was almost completely abolished in A sub(2A)R super(-/-) mice. Heterozygous animals exhibited a 40% reduction in withdrawal symptoms, suggesting that there is no genetic/developmental compensation for the inactivation of one of the A sub(2A)R alleles. A sub(2A)R super(-/-) and wild-type mice have similar levels of striatal mu -opioid receptors, thus the effect is not due to altered opioid receptor expression. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that A sub(2A) receptors are required for the induction of quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome by co-administration of caffeine and naloxone and implicate striatal A sub(2A) receptors and mu -opiate receptors in tonic inhibition of motor activity in the striatum.
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