Objectives
To describe dermoid cyst formation as an uncommon complication of the pinch grafting technique in horses.
Study design
Case report.
Animal
A 8 year old Arabian gelding.
Methods
Clinical ...presentation, imaging, treatment, and histopathology records were reviewed. The horse originally presented due to delayed healing of a laceration to the distal aspect of the metatarsus. The wound was treated initially with debridement and it was allowed to fill with healthy granulation tissue prior to pinch grafting. Two months after grafting, the horse started to show self‐mutilation behavior targeting the wound site. Ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of cystic lesions in the subcutaneous tissue in the wound bed and adjacent to the long digital extensor tendon.
Results
Treatment involved surgical excision of the cysts, which resulted in a resolution of the self‐mutilation episodes. The specimens were submitted for histopathological investigation, which revealed findings compatible with dermoid cyst formation, suspected to be secondary to the skin‐grafting procedure.
Conclusion
Dermoid cysts formation should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for skin graft complications in horses.
Summary
Background
Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome Type 1 (WFFS) is an autosomal recessive disorder reported previously only in warmbloods and thought to be caused by a variant in the gene ...procollagen‐lysine,2‐oxoglutarate 5‐dioxygenase 1 (PLOD1, c.2032G>A, p.Gly678Arg). Given the presentation of this Thoroughbred case, we hypothesised that a similar genetic mechanism caused this phenotype.
Objectives
To describe the pathological and genetic findings on a foal presenting to a veterinary practice in the UK with skin lesions similar to other Ehlers‐Danlos Syndromes, including those documented for warmbloods with WFFS.
Study design
A single case report describing a genetic investigation.
Methods
A Thoroughbred foal presenting as dystocia was euthanised for multiple skin lesions and developmental abnormalities. DNA extracted from the foal was tested for the PLOD1 variant (c.2032G>A, p.Gly678Arg) using the commercially available assay. To confirm causality and further interrogate potential novel causes of Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome, 1799 functional candidate genes, including PLOD1, were analysed using whole genome sequencing data generated from DNA extracted from the foal's muscle. These data were compared to 34 control samples from at least 11 other breeds. Variants were prioritised for further evaluation based on predicted impact on protein function.
Results
Post‐mortem evaluation concluded that this foal suffered from a condition of collagen dysplasia. The foal was homozygous for the c.2032G>A PLOD1 variant. Only two other missense variants identified from whole genome sequencing data were also computationally predicted to be deleterious to protein function, (NPHP3 c.1253T>C, p.Leu418Pro, EPDR1 c.154G>C, p.Glu52Gln). Neither of these genes have been linked to similar phenotypes, or Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome in humans or other species and thus further investigation of these variants as the cause of EDS was not warranted.
Main limitations
This study is a single case report in the Thoroughbred with no additional cases from this breed yet identified to replicate this finding.
Conclusions
Given the clinical presentation similar to WFFS, homozygosity for the PLOD1 variant, and absence of another more plausible causal variant from the WGS experiment, we conclude that PLOD1 c.2032G>A is the likely cause of this foal's condition. This is the first documented evidence of fragile foal syndrome caused by the PLOD1 variant in a breed outside of warmbloods, the Thoroughbred. We therefore recommend a change in the name of this disorder to fragile foal syndrome type 1 (FFS) and utilisation of genetic testing in Thoroughbreds to avoid producing affected foals.
Background
Pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation manifests as abortion, stillbirth or perinatal death. While previous studies have reported the diagnoses of laboratory submissions, none have ...quantified the incidence and causes of abortions, stillbirths and perinatal mortality at a population level.
Objectives
To report the incidence and causes of pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation in a cohort of Thoroughbreds.
Study design
Retrospective cohort study.
Methods
Outcomes of Day 70 pregnancies were collected from eight Thoroughbred farms over the 2013‐2017 breeding seasons. Stud, veterinary and laboratory records were supplemented with publicly available data. Cause of loss was categorised using custom criteria.
Results
Data were collected on 3,586 pregnancies from 1,802 mares. The incidence risk of a pregnancy failing to produce a live foal at 24 hours post parturition was 7.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5‐8.2, equating to 7.3 cases per 100 Day‐70 pregnancies). The incidence of pregnancy loss between Day 70 and 300 of gestation, Day 301‐315 and stillbirth/perinatal death was 4.0% (95% CI 3.4‐4.7), 0.3% (95% CI 0.2‐0.6) and 1.4% (95% CI 1.1‐1.9) respectively. Of the pregnancy losses where tissue was available, 61.1% were submitted for post‐mortem examination. The incidence risk of loss due to umbilical cord‐related pathologies was 1.5% (95% CI 1.1‐1.9), 0.4% (95% CI 0.2‐0.6) for noninfectious placental disease and 0.3% (95% CI 0.2‐0.6) for both infectious placentitis and Equine Herpesvirus infection. No primary diagnosis was made in 11.2% of the cases which underwent full post‐mortem examination.
Main limitations
It was not possible to differentiate between intra‐partum stillbirth and early post‐partum death.
Conclusion
Pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation is a significant source of loss in the Thoroughbred with umbilical cord‐related pathologies being the most commonly diagnosed cause. Reporting the incidence of pregnancy loss at a population level with clear case definitions will allow for accurate global comparisons.
Background
Excessive umbilical cord length (UCL) is associated with equine pregnancy loss. However, a lack of UCL reference values makes it difficult to define excessive UCL. Further, factors ...associated with differences in UCL are poorly understood.
Objectives
To (i) report the total, allantoic and amniotic UCL in healthy term pregnancies in Thoroughbreds, (ii) describe the relationship between gestational age and UCL, fetal weight and crown rump length (CRL) using clinically normal pregnancies (CNPs) from mares dying during gestation, and (iii) identify associations between UCL and maternal age and parity, paternal age, and fetal sex.
Study design
Cross‐sectional.
Methods
Data including UCLs, fetal weight, CRL and maternal age, parity, paternal age and fetal sex were taken from CNPs from Thoroughbred mares dying during gestation (n = 32), and placentas from HTPs (n = 34) in England. Correlations were assessed using Spearman's rank with significant correlations estimated by locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOWESS). Regression plots were fitted to highly correlated variables to further assess and quantify relationships. Differences in UCL between categorical variables were assessed using Kruskall Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests.
Results
The median total, amniotic and allantoic HTP UCLs were 53.5 cm (interquartile range IQR 16), 29.5 cm (IQR 7) and 25.0 cm (IQR 8) respectively. Gestational age and amniotic UCL were moderately correlated (rho = 0.53, p = 0.04), with LOWESS estimating an exponential increase followed by plateauing at around Day 200. Nonlinear associations were observed between fetal weight and gestational age and CRL (adjusted r2 = 0.98 and 0.95 respectively). A linear association was observed between gestational age and CRL: predicted CRL = −17.60 + 0.38 × gestational age, p < 0.001.
Main limitations
Limited availability of CNPs from mares dying during gestation. Estimated relationships can only approximate growth.
Conclusions
This study provides important UCL and fetal size reference values, which may aid in assessing abnormalities. For the first time, associations between UCL and gestational age have been described.
Mucosal melanoma is a rare and poorly characterized subtype of human melanoma. Here we perform a cross-species analysis by sequencing tumor-germline pairs from 46 primary human muscosal, 65 primary ...canine oral and 28 primary equine melanoma cases from mucosal sites. Analysis of these data reveals recurrently mutated driver genes shared between species such as NRAS, FAT4, PTPRJ, TP53 and PTEN, and pathogenic germline alleles of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53. We identify a UV mutation signature in a small number of samples, including human cases from the lip and nasal mucosa. A cross-species comparative analysis of recurrent copy number alterations identifies several candidate drivers including MDM2, B2M, KNSTRN and BUB1B. Comparison of somatic mutations in recurrences and metastases to those in the primary tumor suggests pervasive intra-tumor heterogeneity. Collectively, these studies suggest a convergence of some genetic changes in mucosal melanomas between species but also distinctly different paths to tumorigenesis.
Cross-species models of human melanoma van der Weyden, Louise; Patton, E Elizabeth; Wood, Geoffrey A ...
Journal of pathology,
January 2016, Letnik:
238, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Fissure in the third metacarpal/tarsal parasagittal groove and proximal phalanx sagittal groove is a potential prodromal pathology of fracture; therefore, early identification and characterisation of ...fissures using non-invasive imaging could be of clinical value. Thirty-three equine cadaver limbs underwent standing cone-beam (CB) computed tomography (CT), fan-beam (FB) CT, low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and macro/histo-pathological examination. Imaging diagnoses of fissures were compared to microscopic examination. Imaging features of fissures were described. Histopathological findings were scored and compared between locations with and without fissures on CT. Microscopic examination identified 114/291 locations with fissures. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 88.5% and 61.3% for CBCT, 84.1% and 72.3% for FBCT, and 43.6% and 85.2% for MRI. Four types of imaging features of fissures were characterised on CT: (1) CBCT/FBCT hypoattenuating linear defects, (2) CBCT/FBCT striated hypoattenuated lines, (3) CBCT/FBCT subchondral irregularity, and (4) CBCT striated hypoattenuating lines and FBCT subchondral irregularity. Fissures on MRI appeared as subchondral bone hypo-/hyperintense defects. Microscopic scores of subchondral bone sclerosis, microcracks, and collapse were significantly higher in locations with CT-identified fissures. All imaging modalities were able to identify fissures. Fissures identified on CT were associated with histopathology of fatigue injuries.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) of the metacarpal/tarsal condyles is a common pathological finding in racehorses.
Objective
To compare diagnoses, imaging details, and ...measurements of POD lesions between cone‐beam computed tomography CT (CBCT), fan‐beam CT (FBCT), and low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using macroscopic pathology as a gold standard.
Study design
Cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Thirty‐five cadaver limbs from 10 horses underwent CBCT, FBCT, MRI, and macroscopic examination. CT and MR images were examined for presence of POD, imaging details of POD, and measurements of POD dimensions and areas. Imaging diagnoses, details, and measurements were compared with macroscopic examination and between modalities.
Results
Forty‐eight POD lesions were seen over 70 condyles. Compared with macroscopic examination the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis were 95.8% (CI95 = 88%–99%) and 63.6% (CI95 = 43%–81%) for FBCT, 85.4% (CI95 = 74%–94%) and 81.8% (CI95 = 63%–94%) for CBCT, and 69.0% (CI95 = 54%–82%) and 71.4% (CI95 = 46%–90%) for MRI. Inter‐modality agreement on diagnosis was moderate between CBCT and FBCT (κ = 0.56, p < 0.001). POD was identified on CT as hypoattenuating lesions with surrounding hyperattenuation and on MRI as either T1W, T2*W, T2W, and STIR hyperintense lesions or T1W and T2*W heterogeneous hypointense lesions with surrounding hypointensity. Agreement on imaging details between CBCT and FBCT was substantial for subchondral irregularity (κ = 0.61, p < 0.001). Macroscopic POD width strongly correlated with MRI (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and CBCT (r = 0.79, p < 0.001) and moderately correlated with FBCT (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Macroscopic POD width was greater than all imaging modality (p < 0.001).
Main limitations
Effect of motion artefact in live horse imaging could not be assessed.
Conclusions
All imaging modalities were able to detect POD lesions, but underestimated lesion size. The CT systems were more sensitive, but the differing patterns of signal intensity may suggest that MRI can detect changes associated with POD pathological status or severity. The image features observed by CBCT and FBCT were similar.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die palmar/plantare osteochondrale Erkrankung (POD) der metakarpalen/tarsalen Kondylen ist ein häufiger pathologischer Befund bei Rennpferden.
Ziele
Vergleich von Diagnosen, Bildgebungsdetails und Messungen von POD‐Läsionen zwischen Cone‐Beam‐Computertomographie (CBCT), Fan‐Beam‐CT (FBCT) und Low‐Field‐Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) unter Verwendung der makroskopischen Pathologie als Goldstandard.
Studiendesign
Querschnittsstudie.
Methoden
Fünfunddreißig Kadavergliedmaßen von 10 Pferden wurden einer CBCT‐, FBCT‐, MRT‐ und makroskopischen Untersuchung unterzogen. CT‐ und MR‐Bilder wurden auf das Vorhandensein von POD, bildgebende Details von POD und Messungen der POD‐Abmessungen und ‐Flächen untersucht. Bildgebende Diagnosen, Details und Messungen wurden mit makroskopischen Untersuchungen und zwischen verschiedenen Modalitäten verglichen.
Ergebnisse
Achtundvierzig POD‐Läsionen wurden an siebzig Kondylen festgestellt. Im Vergleich zur makroskopischen Untersuchung betrugen die Sensitivität und Spezifität der Diagnose 95,8% (CI95=88‐99%) und 63,6% (CI95=43‐81%) für das FBCT, 85,4% (CI95=74‐94%) und 81,8% (CI95=63‐94%) für das CBCT und 69,0% (CI95=54‐82%) und 71,4% (CI95=46‐90%) für die MRT. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen CBCT und FBCT bei der Diagnose war mäßig (κ=0,56, p<0,001). Die POD wurde im CT als hypoabschwächende Läsionen mit umliegender Hyperabschwächung und im MRT entweder als T1W‐, T2*W‐, T2W‐ und STIR‐hyperintense Läsionen oder als T1W‐ und T2*W‐heterogene hypointense Läsionen mit umliegender Hypointensität identifiziert. Die Übereinstimmung der Bildgebungsdetails zwischen CBCT und FBCT war bei subchondralen Unregelmäßigkeiten erheblich (κ=0,61, p<0,001). Die makroskopische POD‐Breite korrelierte stark mit MRT (r=0,81, p<0,001) und CBCT (r=0,79, p<0,001) und mäßig mit FBCT (r=0,69, p<0,001). Die makroskopische POD‐Breite war größer als bei allen Bildgebungsmodalitäten (p<0,001).
Hauptlimitationen
Die Auswirkungen von Bewegungsartefakten bei der Bildgebung von lebenden Pferden konnten nicht bewertet werden.
Schlußfolgerungen
Alle bildgebenden Verfahren waren in der Lage, POD‐Läsionen zu erkennen, unterschätzten jedoch die Größe der Läsionen. Die CT‐Systeme waren empfindlicher, aber die unterschiedlichen Muster der Signalintensität könnten darauf hindeuten, dass die MRT Veränderungen erkennen kann, die mit dem pathologischen Status oder Schweregrad der POD zusammenhängen. Die mit CBCT und FBCT beobachteten Bildmerkmale waren ähnlich.
Objective
To describe the surgical removal of intra‐articular loose bodies (LBs) from the cervical articular process joints (APJs) in five horses and to describe the outcome of the surgery.
Study ...design
Short case series.
Animals
Five client‐owned horses with naturally occurring LBs within the cervical APJs.
Methods
Medical records were reviewed of horses that were diagnosed with LBs of the cervical APJs on computed tomography (CT), where the LBs were subsequently removed surgically. Details of case selection and surgical technique were reviewed along with postoperative complications and clinical outcome. Histopathology was performed on LBs in some cases.
Results
Surgery was performed on six APJs in five horses. Of the 14 LBs identified with CT, 13 were successfully removed from the C4/C5, C5/C6 and C6/C7 articulations. No surgical complications were encountered, and clinical signs of cervical dysfunction improved in all horses. All clinical cases returned to ridden work by 6 months post surgery. Histopathologic examination revealed the removed structures to be osteochondral or chondral loose bodies consisting of cartilaginous proliferation with or without ossification and central necrosis.
Conclusions
Surgical removal of LBs is achievable from the cervical APJs and can result in the resolution of cervical pain. This procedure offers a new treatment option for management of selected horses with cervical pain, following thorough assessment and CT imaging.
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