Aortic interventions remain the most effective treatment for severe aortic stenosis. In the recent years, advances in bioprosthetics and newer data have reduced the cut-off age for the use of ...bioprosthetic valves in younger patients, but the debate on whether to favor mechanical valves in younger patients remains a constant, especially with the undesired effects and considerations of anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K antagonists in this age group. Other options like the Ross procedure are gaining traction, despite still being undervalued and necessitating expertise centers. Hemodynamic considerations and durability of these options are important to consider, especially in this age group. Regardless of the choice of the prosthesis, patient informed consent is paramount since the decision affects the lifetime management of their initial condition, and expectations given must remain realistic.Aortic interventions remain the most effective treatment for severe aortic stenosis. In the recent years, advances in bioprosthetics and newer data have reduced the cut-off age for the use of bioprosthetic valves in younger patients, but the debate on whether to favor mechanical valves in younger patients remains a constant, especially with the undesired effects and considerations of anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K antagonists in this age group. Other options like the Ross procedure are gaining traction, despite still being undervalued and necessitating expertise centers. Hemodynamic considerations and durability of these options are important to consider, especially in this age group. Regardless of the choice of the prosthesis, patient informed consent is paramount since the decision affects the lifetime management of their initial condition, and expectations given must remain realistic.
Background The Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valve was designed to minimize structural valve deterioration. Excellent durability and low incidence of valve-related complications have been reported. ...The objective of the present study was to analyze clinical results after 25 years of experience with this valve implanted in the aortic position. The effect of patient age at the time of surgery was also evaluated. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 2,405 patients from November 1981 to March 2011. Primary outcomes of interest were survival and freedom from major adverse effects such as thromboembolic, endocarditis, and reoperation. Results Sixty percent were male, with a mean age of 71 ± 9 years old. Actuarial survival rates including early deaths averaged 78% ± 2%, 55% ± 2%, and 16 % ± 2% after 5, 10, and 20 years of follow-up, respectively. The freedom rate of valve reoperation for prosthesis dysfunction and all other causes averaged 98 % ± 0.2%, 96% ± 1%, and 67% ± 4% at 5, 10, and 20 years. Patients younger than 60 years of age had a 15-year survival averaging 54% ± 5% compared with patients aged between 60 and 70 years of age averaging 46% ± 3% and with patients older than 70 years of age averaging 28% ± 3% ( p = 0.001). Survival at 5, 10, and 20 years for patients who had concomitant CABG coronary artery bypass grafting were 78% ± 1%, 55% ± 2%, and 9% ± 3% compared with no concomitant CABG (84% ± 1%, 62% ± 2%, and 22% ± 3% ( p < 0.001)). Conclusions Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valve implantation in the aortic position is secure and durable. The effects of age influence reoperation rate and survival as well as a concomitant coronary artery bypass procedure.
The effect of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) on kidney function stage in patients with aortic stenosis remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that in some patients, TAVR results in ...improved kidney function by alleviating cardiorenal syndrome.
The purpose of this study was to assess change in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage following TAVR, identify variables associated with pre- and post-TAVR estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and assess association of post-TAVR eGFR with mortality.
Patients (n = 5,190) receiving TAVR in the PARTNER (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves) 1, 2, and PARTNER 2 S3 trials between April 2007 and October 2014 were included. Pre-TAVR and procedural variables associated with post-TAVR eGFR, change in CKD stage at ≤7 days post-TAVR, and association of post-TAVR eGFR on intermediate-term mortality were assessed.
At baseline, CKD stage ≥2 was present in 91% of patients. CKD stage either improved or was unchanged following TAVR in the majority of patients (77% stage 1, 90% stage 2, 89% stage 3A, 94% stage 3B, and 99% stage 4). Progression to CKD stage 5 occurred in 1 (0.035%) of 2,892 patients within 7 days post-TAVR. Of 3,546 patients in whom data were available, 70 (2.0%) underwent post-TAVR dialysis. Higher pre-TAVR eGFR and transfemoral approach were strongly associated with higher post-TAVR eGFR. Lower baseline and longitudinal post-TAVR eGFR were associated with lower intermediate-term survival.
In patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR, even with baseline impaired eGFR, CKD stage is more likely to stay the same or improve than worsen. Aortic stenosis may contribute to cardiorenal syndrome that improves with TAVR.
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This study sought to evaluate the ability of individual markers of frailty to predict outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and of their discriminatory value in different age ...groups.
Appropriate patient selection for TAVR remains a dilemma, especially among the most elderly and potentially frail.
The study evaluated patients ≥65 years of age in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy registry, linked to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid administrative claims data, receiving elective TAVR from November 2011 to June 2016 (n = 36,242). Indices of frailty included anemia, albumin level, and 5-m walk speed. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression for 30-day and 1-year mortality, adjusting for risk factors known to be predictive of 30-day mortality in the Transcatheter Valve Therapy registry, as well as survival analysis.
These indices are independently associated with mortality at 30 days and 1 year and provide incremental value in risk stratification for mortality, with low albumin providing the largest value (hazard ratio: 1.52). Those with low albumin and slower walking speed had longer lengths of stay and higher rates of bleeding and readmission (p < 0.001). Those with anemia also had higher rates of bleeding, readmission, and subsequent myocardial infarction (p < 0.001).
This represents the largest study to date of the role of frailty indices after TAVR, further facilitating robust modeling and adjusting for a large number of confounders. These simple indices are easily attainable, and clinically relevant markers of frailty that may meaningfully stratify patients at risk for mortality after TAVR.
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Abstract Background Neutrophil-lymphocyte (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratios (PLR) mark systemic inflammation. Patients with high NLR and PLR have worse cardiovascular disease and outcomes. We ...assessed the role of these ratios in predicting outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods The association between NLR and PLR with baseline characteristics, 30-day outcomes, and 1-year readmission/survival was determined in patients that underwent TAVR between 2007 and 2014 and had baseline complete blood count with differential. A subgroup analysis determined the association between change in NLR and PLR (discharge-baseline) and 1-year outcomes. Results In 520 patients that underwent TAVR, a higher NLR (p = 0.01) and PLR (p = 0.02) were associated with a higher STS-PROM score, and with increased occurrence of the 30-day early-safety outcome (by VARC-2), even after adjusting for STS-PROM score, valve generation (Sapien vs. Sapien XT), and access (transfemoral vs. non-transfemoral) (NLR: OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04–1.61; PLR: OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.01–1.60) but not with 1-year readmission or survival. In our subgroup analysis (N = 294), change in PLR was not associated with the 1-year outcomes but a high change in NLR was associated with worse 1-year survival/readmission and 1-year survival, even after adjusting for STS-PROM score, valve generation and access (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04–1.44 and HR 1.26, 95% CI 0.99–1.6, respectively). Conclusions NLR and PLR correlate with surgical risk. An elevated NLR and PLR were associated with the occurrence of 30-day adverse outcomes, similar to the STS-PROM score. A high variation of NLR from baseline to discharge may help stratify patients that underwent TAVR in addition to traditional risk factors.
Background Although preoperative renal dysfunction (RD) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity after surgical aortic valve replacement, its impact on clinical outcomes after ...transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is less defined. Methods TAVR patients in the PARTNER (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves) trial with a calculable glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation were included. Patients were divided into three groups: GFR >60 mL/min (none/mild RD), GFR 31 to 60 mL/min (moderate RD), and GFR ≤30 mL/min (severe RD). Operative characteristics and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Cox regression models were used to determine multivariable predictors of 1-year all-cause mortality. Results A total of 2,531 inoperable or high surgical risk patients from the PARTNER trial and continued access registries had a calculable GFR level: 767 (30%) had normal renal function or mild RD, 1,473 (58%) had moderate RD, and 291 (12%) presented with severe RD. The mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality for the cohort was 11.5%, and it was highest in those with severe RD (13.8%). Patients with severe RD were more often women with a higher prevalence of diabetes. Patients with severe RD had the highest incidence of 30-day and 1-year all-cause mortality and rehospitalization. The 30-day rate of death from any cause was 10.7% in the severe RD group versus 6.0% in the moderate and mild RD groups ( p = 0.01). The 1-year rate of death from any cause was 34.4% in the severe RD group versus 21.5% in the moderate RD and 20.8% in the none/mild RD groups (adjusted hazard ratio HR 2.24, p < 0.0001 for severe versus none/mild; adjusted HR 1.14, p = 0.24 for severe versus moderate). Other significant predictors of 1-year all-cause mortality included lower body mass index, frailty, the transapical approach, a lower ejection fraction, oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, and male sex. Conclusions Preoperative severe RD is a significant predictor for 1-year mortality in TAVR patients. Careful risk stratification by the heart team is required in patients with severe preprocedural RD.
Abstract Objectives Sutureless aortic valves are deemed suitable for patients considered at high risk for surgery. The objective of this study is to evaluate the perioperative results of implanting a ...sutureless valve in elderly persons, compared with a stented biological valve in the aortic position. Methods Between 2011 and 2015, 76 patients underwent aortic valve replacement with the Perceval prosthesis (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy). The group was compared with 319 consecutive patients who received aortic valve replacement with the stented valve in that same period. Results The mean age of patients was 83 ± 2 years in the Perceval group and 83 ± 3 years in the stented valve group ( P = .3). Preoperative demographics were similar in both groups. Median cardiopulmonary bypass and crossclamp times were lower in the Perceval group than in the stented valve group ( P < .001). Mortality was 5% in the Perceval group and 6% in the stented valve group ( P = .8). There were more pacemaker implantations in the Perceval group than in the stented valve group (17% vs 8%; P = .02). A subgroup analysis of patients who underwent aortic valve replacement and concomitant procedures showed the same results as the entire cohort. Conclusions Aortic valve replacement with a sutureless prosthesis resulted in shorter aortic crossclamp and bypass times compared with a stented biological prosthesis. The reduced cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic crossclamp times obtained using the Perceval prosthesis did not translate into perioperative gains in our population of elderly patients.
Background With improved durability of contemporary bioprostheses, surgeons are now recommending biologic valves in younger patients. However, long-term outcomes of patients younger than 60 years old ...undergoing biologic aortic valve implantation are not well known. Methods From November 1991 to March 2011, 144 patients less than 60 years old underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) with Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valves (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). Mean follow-up was 10 ± 4 years. Outcomes were reported according to published guidelines. Results Seventy-five percent of patients were male, with a mean age of 51 ± 9 years. Actuarial survival rates including early deaths were 89% ± 3%, 79% ± 4%, and 57% ± 6% after 5, 10, and 15 years of follow-up, respectively. Survival of patients was comparatively lower than a gender- and age-matched general population at all time points. The freedom from major adverse cardiac events (myocardial infarction, heart failure, hemorrhage, thromboembolic event, and endocarditis) was 89% ± 3%, 87% ± 3%, and 75% ± 6% at 5, 10, and 15 years after surgery. The freedom rate from prosthetic valve dysfunction was 97% ± 2%, 84% ± 4%, and 57% ± 6% at 5, 10, and 15 years after surgery. Patients with a diagnosis of structural valve deterioration (29 of 37, 78%) underwent reoperation 11 ± 5 years after the initial valve replacement with no perioperative mortality. Conclusions In patients younger than 60 years undergoing AVR, the Carpentier-Edwards Perimount bioprosthesis provided satisfactory clinical outcomes. However, late survival was inferior to an age- and gender-matched population. Structural valve deterioration and the need for reintervention were common late after implantation, but reoperation for prosthetic valve dysfunction was associated with a very low risk of mortality.
The effect of frailty on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) remains incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of four commonly ...used frailty markers as predictors of early and late outcomes among patients undergoing TAVR.
A review was performed of 361 high- and extreme-risk patients undergoing TAVR from 2011 to 2015. Four frailty variables were assessed: serum albumin (g/dL), 5-m walk (seconds), grip strength (kg), and Katz index of independence in activities of daily living. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the frailty indicators and 30-day composite of mortality, stroke, new heart block requiring permanent pacemaker, major or life-threatening bleeding, acute renal failure, major vascular complication, and 30-day readmission rate. Minimum distance to the perfect point (0, 1) was performed to delineate a cutoff point for each frailty indicator, and risk models were compared using receiver-operating characteristics curves.
The composite of outcomes occurred in 28% of patients. Serum albumin, activities of daily living, and 5-m walk were independent predictors for 30-day composite outcomes, but only albumin was predictive of 30-day mortality. A new frailty model (four frailty indicators, age, and sex) to predict 30-day mortality was created and compared with The Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality. Better discrimination was found with the new frailty model (area under the curve 0.74 versus 0.58). New individual frailty variable cutoff values were found to predict our composite of events.
Among high- and extreme-risk patients undergoing TAVR, our new frailty model was more discriminative of 30-day mortality than The Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality. New cutoff values for frailty indicators were identified and will require further validation.
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the primary cause of premature mortality in women, who previously have been overlooked in clinical trials. Several studies showed that women undergoing coronary ...artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) present more cardiovascular risk factors at baseline, develop more postprocedural complications, and have a higher mortality rate than men. The goal of this review is to analyze the difference between men and women in terms of the prevalence of individual cardiovascular risk factors.
A meta-analysis was conducted of original investigations with adult subjects who underwent surgical intervention or PCIs in which cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated, using the MEDLINE, Cochrane, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR), Ovid Embase, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases.
Of the 4567 identified records found, 18 were retained for qualitative analysis. Prevalence of hypertension (CABG: 71% (95% confidence interval CI 64%, 78%); PCI: (59% 95% CI 48%,70%), and diabetes (CABG: 48% 95% CI 38%, 57%); PCI 43% (95% CI 27%, 59%) was high in women. Women who underwent either CABG or PCI had higher odds of having hypertension (CABG: odds ratio OR 1.92 95% CI 1.47-2.50, P < 0.05); PCI: OR 1.86 95% CI 1.76-1.97, P < 0.05), and diabetes (CABG: OR 1.94 95% CI 1.55-2.42, P < 0.05; PCI: OR 1.97 95% CI 1.54-2.53, P < 0.05)). However, the prevalence of smoking among women, compared to men, was lower (CABG: 0.17 95% CI 0.06-0.52, P < 0.05; PCI: 0.22 95% CI 0.06-0.86, P < 0.03).
The review shows that women who underwent either surgical or percutaneous revascularization had higher odds of hypertension and diabetes, compared to men.
Les maladies cardiovasculaires demeurent la principale cause de décès prématurés chez les femmes, qui ont antérieurement été négligées dans les essais cliniques. Or, plusieurs études ont révélé que les femmes qui subissent un pontage aortocoronarien (PAC) ou une intervention coronarienne percutanée (ICP) présentent initialement plus de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire, connaissent plus de complications postopératoires et affichent un taux de mortalité plus élevé que les hommes. Cette analyse visait à dégager les différences entre les hommes et les femmes quant à la prévalence de chacun des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire.
Une méta-analyse a été menée sur des enquêtes originales auprès d’adultes ayant subi une intervention chirurgicale ou des ICP chez qui les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire ont été évalués. Les bases de données interrogées étaient les suivantes : MEDLINE, Cochrane, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR), Ovid Embase, Google Scholar et PubMed.
Parmi les 4567 dossiers recensés, 18 ont été retenus pour une analyse qualitative. La prévalence de l’hypertension (PAC : 71 % intervalle de confiance {IC} à 95 % : 64 %; 78 %); ICP : 59 % IC à 95 % : 48 %; 70 %) et du diabète (PAC : 48 % IC à 95 % : 38 %; 57 %); ICP : 43 % (IC à 95 % : 27 %; 59 %) était élevée chez les femmes. Les femmes qui ont subi un PAC ou une ICP présentaient un risque accru d’hypertension (PAC : rapport de cotes RC de 1.92 IC à 95 % : 1,47-2,50, p < 0,05); ICP : RC de 1,86 IC à 95 % : 1,76-1,97, p < 0,05) et de diabète (PAC : RC de 1,94 IC à 95 % : 1,55-2,42, p < 0,05; ICP : RC de 1,97 IC à 95 % : 1,54-2,53, p < 0,05). Cependant, le tabagisme était moins prévalent chez les femmes que chez les hommes (PAC : 0,17 IC à 95 % : 0,06-0,52, p < 0,05; ICP : 0,22 IC à 95 % : 0,06-0,86, p < 0,03).
L’analyse révèle que, par rapport aux hommes, les femmes qui ont subi une revascularisation chirurgicale ou percutanée présentaient plus de risque d’hypertension et de diabète.
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