The IGF system is important in regulation of fetal and childhood growth. In later life, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. They ...are, thus, potential candidates in explaining the link between early growth and adult cardiovascular disease. We measured fasting serum IGF-I and IGFBP-1 concentrations in 394 men and women from a cohort of 7086 individuals, born between 1924 and 1933 in Helsinki, Finland, whose weight and height were recorded at birth and from 7 to 15 yr of age. They also underwent clinical examination, including measurement of body fat using bioimpedance, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and plasma insulin and fibrinogen concentrations. Serum IGF-I was positively correlated with fasting glucose (r = 0.10, P = 0.06) and fibrinogen (r = 0.19, P = 0.0001) concentrations and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic r = 0.10, P ≤ 0.05) and inversely with percentage body fat (r = −0.13, P = 0.01) and waist circumference (r = −0.11, P = 0.03). IGFBP-1 was inversely correlated with adult body mass index (BMI) (r = −0.46, P < 0.0001), fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, and blood pressure. There were correlations between the adult level of IGFBP-1 and birth weight (r = 0.11, P = 0.03) and ponderal index (weight/length3) at birth (r = 0.13, P = 0.01), but IGF-I was not related to birth measurements. There were interactive effects between childhood height or BMI and adult BMI on IGF-I and IGFBP-1 in adulthood. Tall height and high BMI at 7 yr were associated with low IGF-I (P = 0.03 for height and P = 0.003 for BMI) and high IGFBP-1 (P = 0.02 and P = 0.06) in adulthood but only in those subjects whose current BMI was below median. On further analysis these interactive effects were particularly strong for height in childhood and adult lean BMI (lean body mass/height2). Among men and women of below-average lean BMI, tall height at 7 yr was associated with low adult IGF-I (P = 0.007) and high IGFBP-1 (P = 0.0004) concentrations interaction (7-yr height × adult lean BMI); P = 0.008 for IGF-I and 0.001 for IGFBP-1.
There is no evidence that reduced fetal growth programs IGF-I concentrations in old age. An association between small size at birth and low IGFBP-1 concentrations may in part reflect fetal programming effects on insulin resistance. Given the anabolic effects of the GH-IGF-I axis, subjects with tall height in childhood but low adult lean body mass may be at risk of late-life GH-IGF-I axis dysfunction. Prospective studies should address whether this group is susceptible to type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis.
Background and aims The language in assessing intensity or quality of pain has been studied but the results have been inconsistent. The physicians' language skills might affect the estimation of the ...severity of pain possibly leading to insufficient use of analgesics. Several interfering cultural factors have complicated studies aimed at exploring the language used to detect the quality of pain. We aimed to compare native and non-native language related qualitative aspects of pain chosen by Swedish speaking patients with diabetes. Methods In the study participated 10 Finnish and 51 Swedish speaking patients with diabetes. The Pain Detect-questionnaire was used for clarifying the patients' pain and the mechanism of their pain (neuropathic or not) and for assessing the intensity and quality of pain. In addition, the patients completed the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (sfMPQ) in Finnish (test I). After 30 min the subjects completed the sfMPQ a second time in their native language (test II). The Swedish speakers estimated their second language, Finnish, proficiency on a 5-graded scale. Results There were significantly more discrepancies between sfMPQ test I and test II among the Swedish speaking respondents who reported poor (hardly none) Finnish language proficiency compared with those with good Finnish proficiency. Discrepancies occurred especially between the affective qualities of pain. Conclusions Poor second language proficiency exposes Swedish speakers to pain communication difficulties related to the affective aspects of pain. Consequently, discordant language communication could cause underestimation of the severity of pain and pain undertreatment. Implications To ensure adequate pain treatment measuring the affective dimension of pain in the patient's native language is crucial.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with low birthweight followed by obesity in adulthood. Persons who develop the disease may therefore have a particular pattern of growth from birth through childhood.
To ...examine the relation of type 2 diabetes to size at birth and childhood growth.
Cohort study.
Helsinki, Finland.
Men (n = 3,639) and women (n = 3,447) who were bom at the Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1924 and 1933, who went to school in Helsinki, and who still lived in Finland in 1971. Detailed birth and school health records were available for all 7,086 participants. We identified 471 men and women who developed type 2 diabetes by using the national Social Insurance Institution's register of all persons in Finland who are receiving long-term therapy with medication.
Incidence of diabetes ascertained from a national register. The main explanatory measurements were size at birth and childhood growth in terms of height, weight, and body mass index.
The cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes was 7.9% (n = 286) in men and 5.4% (n = 185) in women. The incidence increased with decreasing birthweight, birth length, ponderal index (birthweight/length(3)), and placental weight The odds ratio for type 2 diabetes was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.66; P < 0.001) for each 1-kg decrease in birthweight. The mean weights and heights of the children at 7 years of age who later developed type 2 diabetes were about average. Thereafter, their growth in weight and height was accelerated until 15 years of age. The odds ratio for development of type 2 diabetes was 1.39 (CI, 1.21 to 1.61; P < 0.001) for each standard deviation increase in weight between 7 and 15 years of age. The odds ratio became 1.83 (CI, 1.37 to 2.45; P< 0.001) in an analysis restricted to persons whose birthweights were below 3,000 g. Children of both sexes whose mothers had a high body mass index in pregnancy had more rapid growth during childhood and an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes.
These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes is programmed in utero in association with low rates of fetal growth. The increased risk for type 2 diabetes associated with small size at birth is further increased by high growth rates after 7 years of age.
Abstract
Introduction. Socio-economic position (SEP) is a powerful source of health inequality. Less is known of early life conditions that may determine the course of adult SEP. We tested if early ...life stress (ELS) due to a separation from the parents during World War II predicts adult SEP, trajectories of incomes across the entire working career, and inter-generational social mobility.
Materials and methods. Participants (n = 10,702) were from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study 1934-44. Compared to the non-separated, the separated individuals attained a lower SEP in adulthood. The separated whose fathers were manual workers were less likely to be upwardly mobile from paternal occupation category to higher categories of own occupation, education, and incomes. The separated whose fathers had junior and senior clerical occupations were more likely to be downwardly mobile. Comparison of trajectories of incomes across adulthood showed that the difference between the separated and the non-separated grew larger across time, such that among the separated the incomes decreased.
Conclusions. This life-course study shows that severe ELS due to a separation from parents in childhood is associated with socio-economic disadvantage in adult life. Even high initial SEP in childhood may not protect from the negative effects of ELS.
Abstract Although a suboptimal prenatal environment has been linked with schizophrenia and depression, possible associations with personality disorders remain unclear. The aim of this study was to ...examine the associations of body size at birth and length of gestation with hospitalization for personality disorders in a cohort study of 6506 men and 5857 women born in Helsinki, Finland, between 1934 and 1944. International Classification of Diseases (-8, -9, -10) diagnoses of personality disorders were extracted from the national Finnish Hospital Discharge Register since 1969. 102 men and 80 women had been hospitalized due to any personality disorder. 41 men and 30 women had dramatic personality disorders. Among men, head circumference showed an inverse J-shaped, nonlinear association with hospitalization for personality disorders. Men with a small head circumference were at increased risk. Also in men, a smaller head-to-length ratio linearly predicted personality disorders. Among women, a smaller placental area predicted increased risk of hospitalization for dramatic personality disorders. Vulnerability to personality disorders may be programmed during fetal life.
To further understanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility, we aggregated published meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including 26,488 cases and ...83,964 controls of European, east Asian, south Asian and Mexican and Mexican American ancestry. We observed a significant excess in the directional consistency of T2D risk alleles across ancestry groups, even at SNPs demonstrating only weak evidence of association. By following up the strongest signals of association from the trans-ethnic meta-analysis in an additional 21,491 cases and 55,647 controls of European ancestry, we identified seven new T2D susceptibility loci. Furthermore, we observed considerable improvements in the fine-mapping resolution of common variant association signals at several T2D susceptibility loci. These observations highlight the benefits of trans-ethnic GWAS for the discovery and characterization of complex trait loci and emphasize an exciting opportunity to extend insight into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of human diseases across populations of diverse ancestry.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To extend understanding of the genetic architecture and molecular basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), we conducted a meta-analysis of genetic variants on the Metabochip, including 34,840 cases and ...114,981 controls, overwhelmingly of European descent. We identified ten previously unreported T2D susceptibility loci, including two showing sex-differentiated association. Genome-wide analyses of these data are consistent with a long tail of additional common variant loci explaining much of the variation in susceptibility to T2D. Exploration of the enlarged set of susceptibility loci implicates several processes, including CREBBP-related transcription, adipocytokine signaling and cell cycle regulation, in diabetes pathogenesis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Infant growth and hostility in adult life Rikkönen, Katri; Pesonen, Anu-Katriina; Heinonen, Kati ...
Psychosomatic medicine,
04/2008, Letnik:
70, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Hostility may confer a risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, but why is uncertain. A common origin in suboptimal fetal and early postnatal life may lie beneath. This study tested ...whether prenatal and postnatal growth predicts hostility in adult life.
Women (n = 939) and men (n = 740) born in Helsinki, Finland, from 1934 through 1944 filled out the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale at an average age of 63.4 years. Growth was estimated from birth, child welfare clinic, and school records. Adult body size was measured in a clinic.
Men and women who had higher levels of hostility in adulthood were born lighter and thinner, showed slower weight gain from birth to 6 months of age, were lighter throughout childhood (standardized regression coefficients (beta) <-0.05; 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), -0.14 to -0.00; p values <.05), but were heavier in adulthood (beta values > 0.06; 95% CIs, 0.02-0.14; p values <.01). They were also shorter from 6 months until the age of 1 year (beta values <-0.09; 95% CIs, -0.14 to -0.03; p values <.003), and tended to be shorter in adulthood (beta = -0.05; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.00; p = .06). The latter effects were largely attributable to slower growth in stature from birth to 6 months (beta = -0.08; 95% CI, -0.14 to -0.02; p = .005). The associations were not explained by major confounders.
Our study suggests that slow prenatal and infant growth is linked with hostility in adult life.
The relation between the change in body mass index (BMI) through childhood and body composition in adult life is important because body composition is known to affect adult health.
The objective was ...to examine how the change in BMI throughout childhood is related to adult lean and fat mass.
We examined how the change in BMI in childhood was related to adult body composition in 885 men and 1032 women born during 1934-1944, whose weights and heights during childhood were recorded serially. Adult lean and fat mass were measured by bioelectrical impedance with an 8-polar tactile electrode system.
In these 56-70-y-old men and women, adult lean body mass index (lean mass/height(2); in kg/m(2)) was positively associated with BMI at birth (0.24 and 0.20 higher for each 1-SD increase in BMI at birth, respectively) and with more rapid gain in BMI from birth to 1 y (0.17 and 0.22), 1-2 y (0.21 and 0.20), 2-7 y (0.44 and 0.46), and 7-11 y (0.32 and 0.26) of age. Fat mass index (fat mass/height(2)) was positively associated with more rapid increases in BMI between 2 and 11 y of age.
Rapid gain in BMI before the age of 2 y increased adult lean body mass without excess fat accumulation, whereas rapid gain in BMI in later childhood, despite the concurrent rise in lean mass, resulted in relatively larger increases in fat mass.
PDF
