: to develop sport-specific and effective dietary advice, it is important to understand the dietary intakes of team sport athletes. This systematic literature review aims to (1) assess the dietary ...intakes of professional and semi-professional team sport athletes and (2) to identify priority areas for dietetic intervention.
an extensive search of MEDLINE, Sports DISCUS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in April-May 2018 was conducted and identified 646 studies. Included studies recruited team sport, competitive (i.e. professional or semi-professional) athletes over the age of 18 years. An assessment of dietary intake in studies was required and due to the variability of data (i.e. nutrient and food group data) a meta-analysis was not undertaken. Two independent authors extracted data using a standardised process.
21 (
= 511) studies that assessed dietary intake of team sport athletes met the inclusion criteria. Most reported that professional and semi-professional athletes' dietary intakes met or exceeded recommendations during training and competition for protein and/or fat, but not energy and carbohydrate. Limitations in articles include small sample sizes, heterogeneity of data and existence of underreporting.
this review highlights the need for sport-specific dietary recommendations that focus on energy and carbohydrate intake. Further exploration of factors influencing athletes' dietary intakes including why athletes' dietary intakes do not meet energy and/or carbohydrate recommendations is required.
Critically ill patients experience significant and rapid loss of skeletal muscle mass, which has been associated with negative clinical outcomes. The aetiology of muscle wasting is multifactorial and ...nutrition delivery may play a role. A systematic literature review was conducted to examine the association of energy and/or protein provision on changes in skeletal muscle mass in critically ill patients. Key databases were searched up until March 2016 to identify studies that measured skeletal muscle mass and/or total body protein (TBP) at 2 or more time points during acute critical illness (up to 2 weeks after an intensive care unit ICU stay). Studies were included if there was documentation of participant energy balance or mean energy delivered to participants during the time period between body composition measurements. Six studies met inclusion criteria. A variety of methods were used to assess skeletal muscle mass or TBP. Participants in included studies experienced differing levels of muscle loss (0%–22.5%) during the first 2 weeks of ICU admission. No association between energy and protein delivery and changes in skeletal muscle mass were observed. This review highlights that there is currently limited high‐quality evidence to clearly define the association between energy and/or protein delivery and skeletal muscle mass changes in acute critical illness. Future studies in this area should be adequately powered, account for all potential confounding factors to changes in skeletal muscle mass, and detail all sources and quantities of energy and protein delivered to participants.
Low muscle mass, measured using computed tomography (CT), is associated with poor surgical outcomes. We aimed to include CT-muscle mass in malnutrition diagnosis using the Global Leadership ...Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, compare it to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria, and assess the impact on postoperative outcomes after oesophagogastric (OG) cancer surgery.
One hundred and eight patients who underwent radical OG cancer surgery and had preoperative abdominal CT imaging were included. GLIM and ICD-10 malnutrition data were assessed against complication and survival outcomes. Low CT-muscle mass was determined using predefined cut-points.
GLIM-defined malnutrition prevalence was significantly higher than ICD-10-malnutrition (72.2% vs. 40.7%, p < 0.001). Of the 78 patients with GLIM-defined malnutrition, low muscle mass (84.6%) was the predominant phenotypic criterion. GLIM-defined malnutrition was associated with pneumonia (26.9% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.010) and pleural effusions (12.8% vs. 0%, p = 0.029). Postoperative complications did not correlate with ICD-10 malnutrition. Severe GLIM (HR: 2.51, p = 0.014) and ICD-10 (HR: 2.15, p = 0.039) malnutrition were independently associated with poorer 5-year survival.
GLIM criteria appear to identify more malnourished patients and more closely relate to surgical risk than ICD-10 malnutrition, likely due to incorporating objective muscle mass assessment.
In 2016 the Australian football league introduced the first women’s league, integrating part-time female athletes into the professional sporting environment. This study aims to assess the dietary ...intakes of professional Australian football league women’s (AFLW) athletes to highlight key focus areas for nutrition and additionally provide nutrition recommendations for dietitians working with these athletes.
Cross-sectional study.
Dietary intake data was collected from 23 players from the same club competing in the Australian football league women’s, during a preseason week. Dietary intakes were assessed using three day estimated food records.
Majority of athletes did not meet recommendations for carbohydrate (96%, n=22), iron (87%, n=20) and calcium (61%, n=14). In comparison, majority of athletes met protein (74%, n=17) and fat (78%, n=18) recommendations. No significant difference was found in energy intake on main training, light training and recovery days (p>0.05). Energy and carbohydrate intakes reported by AFLW athletes (1884±457kcalday−1 and 2.7±0.7gkg−1day−1) were consistent with values reported in previous studies that included professional female athletes.
This research highlights that further exploration of the factors that influence dietary intake is required to support athletes to meet energy and carbohydrate recommendations required for desired training and performance outcomes.
Low muscle attenuation, as governed by increased intramuscular fat infiltration (myosteatosis), may associate with adverse surgical outcomes. We aimed to determine whether myosteatosis is associated ...with an increased risk of postoperative complications and reduced long-term survival after oesophago-gastric (OG) cancer surgery.
Patients who underwent radical OG cancer surgery with preoperative abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging were included. Myosteatosis was evaluated using previously defined cut-points for low skeletal muscle attenuation measured by CT. Oncological, surgical, complications, and outcome data were obtained from a prospective database.
Of 108 patients, 56% (n = 61) had myosteatosis. Patients with myosteatosis were older (69.1 ± 9.1 vs. 62.8 ± 9.8 years, p = 0.001) and had a similar body mass index (BMI) (23.4 ± 5.3 vs. 25.9 ± 6.7 kg/m2, p = 0.766) compared to patients with normal muscle attenuation. Patients with myosteatosis had a higher rate of anastomotic leaks (15% vs. 2%, p = 0.041). On multivariate analysis, myosteatosis was an independent predictor of overall (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.31–6.99, p = 0.009) and severe complications (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.26–14.9, p = 0.020). Patients with myosteatosis had reduced 5 year overall (54.1% vs. 83%, p = 0.004) and disease-free (55.2% vs. 87.2%, p = 0.007) survival.
Myosteatosis is associated with a significantly increased risk of overall and severe complications as well as substantially reduced long-term survival. Assessment of muscle attenuation provides analysis beyond standard anthropometrics and may form part of preoperative physiological staging tools used to improve surgical outcomes.
Iron metabolism research in the past decade has identified menstrual blood loss as a key contributor to the prevalence of iron deficiency in premenopausal females. The reproductive hormones estrogen ...and progesterone influence iron regulation and contribute to variations in iron parameters throughout the menstrual cycle. Despite the high prevalence of iron deficiency in premenopausal females, scant research has investigated female-specific causes and treatments for iron deficiency. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion of factors that influence iron status in active premenopausal females, with a focus on the menstrual cycle. We also outline several practical guidelines for monitoring, diagnosing, and treating iron deficiency in premenopausal females. Finally, we highlight several areas for further research to enhance the understanding of iron metabolism in this at-risk population.
Background
Low muscularity is associated with adverse surgical outcomes. We aimed to determine whether low muscularity is associated with an increased risk of post‐operative complications and reduced ...long‐term survival after oesophago‐gastric cancer surgery.
Methods
Patients who underwent radical oesophago‐gastric cancer surgery with preoperative abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging were included. Low skeletal muscle index (SMI), measured by CT, was determined using pre‐defined cut‐points. Oncological, surgical, complications and outcome data were obtained from a prospective database.
Results
Of 108 patients, 61% (n = 66) had low SMI preoperatively. Patients with low SMI had a higher rate of post‐operative pneumonia (30 vs. 7% normal muscularity, P = 0.004). Median length of stay (LOS) was higher in patients with low SMI if they had any complication (19.5 vs. 14 days, P = 0.026) or pneumonia (21 vs. 13 days, P = 0.018). On multivariate analysis, low SMI (OR 3.85, CI 1.10–13.4, P = 0.025), preoperative weight loss (OR 1.13, CI 1.01–1.25, P = 0.027), and smoking (OR 5.08, CI 1.24–20.9, P = 0.024) were independent predictors of having a severe complication. There was no difference in 5‐year overall (62% vs. 69%, P = 0.241) and disease‐free (11% vs. 21.4%, P = 0.110) survival between low SMI and normal muscle mass groups.
Conclusion
Low SMI is associated with a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and increased LOS for patients with complications. Assessment of muscle mass may require additional muscle quality, strength, and physical performance measures to enhance preoperative risk assessment.
Body composition analysis using preoperative CT images demonstrate varied muscularity profiles.
Healthcare staff are in a unique position of understanding client experiences, physiological impacts of client behaviour, the local healthcare system and the physical environment in which the ...services operate. Their perspectives may provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of existing models of diabetes care and suggestions for improvements to models of care (MoC). The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of healthcare staff delivering care for people with diabetes at the request of an existing healthcare service. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 21 healthcare staff from three community health centres in one region of Victoria, Australia, in 2018. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were subject to qualitative content analysis and, subsequently, emerging themes were classified at individual, relationship, community and societal levels of the social–ecological model (SEM). Perceived barriers of access to health services using the current MoC included a lack of public transport, low socioeconomic status, job insecurity (resulting in an inability to take time away from work) and inflexible appointment times, all of which negatively impact diabetes management. Perceived enablers included having a co‐located, multidisciplinary team, a holistic approach to diabetes management and motivation resulting from improvement in diabetes‐related health outcomes. The findings indicate that there is potential to improve the service in this region by adopting a more integrated, team‐focused and accessible MoC.
Rates of childhood obesity within Australia continue to rise, with consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages one contributing factor. Community sport provides an opportunity to implement policies ...promoting water as the beverage of choice. However, the attitudes of parents toward a water-only policy are not known. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate parents’ opinions towards beverage consumption and a water-only policy. Data were collected from participants (n = 159) using an investigator-designed questionnaire, administered using iPads, at a junior Triathlon Victoria event. Water was the most popular beverage provided before (75%), during (85%) and after (61%) sport. Parents were more likely to provide sports drinks to children older than 14 years (27%). Three-quarters (77%) of parents reported having received no information regarding hydration requirements. Parents rated the importance of hydration prior to, during and after a triathlon as high (9.08 ± 1.2, 8.76 ± 1.3 and 9.30 ± 0.4 out of 10, respectively). Parents were supportive of a water-only policy at all junior triathlon events and all junior sporting events (7.94 ± 1.3 and 7.86 ± 1.9, respectively). There was less support for a water-only policy for adult triathlons (6.40 ± 3.1). A water-only drink policy at junior sport is viewed positively by parents. This warrants further research and policy development to facilitate behaviour change.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrition status of people referred to a nutrition and physical activity program for the management of mental health in general practice. Patients ...currently being treated for depression and/or anxiety were referred by their GPs to a lifestyle intervention program. The nutrition status was assessed during a comprehensive assessment at the commencement of the program. The lifestyle intervention program, including all assessments, was offered at multiple sites including GP clinics in the Illawarra, and in clinic rooms at the University of Wollongong. Thirty-two men and seventy-seven women completed the assessment. Patients were referred with depression (52%), anxiety (19%) or both (28%). Eighty percent of participants were overweight or obese. All participants completed an assessment that included a diet history, anthropometric measurements and the completion of several questionnaires including the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Nutrition status was assessed using mean nutrient intakes and Australian modified Healthy Eating Index scores evaluated against the National Nutrition Survey intakes and DASS scores. Participants met the estimated average requirements for all nutrients except folate (17%), magnesium (78%) and calcium (57%). Intakes were similar to those reported in the National Nutrition Survey. Only magnesium intakes were significantly related to depression (r = -0.26). Australian modified Healthy Eating Index scores were significantly negatively correlated with DASS scores (P < 0.01). The associations presented here support the existing body of literature. Nutrition recommendations for patients with depression and anxiety should be based on the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating with particular attention to fruit, vegetables and wholegrains.
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