Abstract Objective: To investigate the relation of infant feeding practice to childhood respiratory illness, growth, body composition, and blood pressure. Design: Follow up study of a cohort of ...children (mean age 7.3 years) who had detailed infant feeding and demographic data collected prospectively during the first two years of life. Setting: Dundee. Subjects: 674 infants, of whom 545 (81%) were available for study. Data on respiratory illness were available for 545 children (mean age 7.3 (range 6.1- 9.9) years); height for 410 children; weight and body mass index for 412 children; body composition for 405 children; blood pressure for 301 children (mean age 7.2 (range 6.9-10.0) years). Main outcome measures: Respiratory illness, weight, height, body mass index, percentage body fat, and blood pressure in relation to duration of breast feeding and timing of introduction of solids. Results: After adjustment for the significant confounding variables the estimated probability of ever having respiratory illness in children who received breast milk exclusively for at least 15 weeks was consistently lower (17.0% (95% confidence interval 15.9% to 18.1%) for exclusive breast feeding, 31.0% (26.8% to 35.2%) for partial breast feeding, and 32.2% (30.7% to 33.7%) for bottle feeding. Solid feeding before 15 weeks was associated with an increased probability of wheeze during childhood (21.0% (19.9% to 22.1%) v 9.7% (8.6% to 10.8%)). It was also associated with increased percentage body fat and weight in childhood (mean body fat 18.5% (18.2% to 18.8%) v 16.5% (16.0% to 17.0%); weight standard deviation score 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.06) v −0.09 (−0.16 to 0.02). Systolic blood pressure was raised significantly in children who were exclusively bottle fed compared with children who received breast milk (mean 94.2 (93.5 to 94.9) mm Hg v 90.7 (89.9 to 91.7) mm Hg). Conclusions: The probability of respiratory illness occurring at any time during childhood is significantly reduced if the child is fed exclusively breast milk for 15 weeks and no solid foods are introduced during this time. Breast feeding and the late introduction of solids may have a beneficial effect on childhood health and subsequent adult disease. Key messages Current guidelines in the United Kingdom recommend that babies are exclusively breast fed for the first 4 months of life, with solids being introduced thereafter This study found that exclusive breast feeding is associated with a significant reduction in childhood respiratory illness The early introduction of solids is associated with increased body fat and weight in childhood Exclusive bottle feeding is associated with higher systolic blood pressure in childhood Breast feeding and delaying the introduction of solids until after 15 weeks may have a beneficial effect on childhood health and subsequent adult disease
New families of salts, based on quaternary ammonium, 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium or -methyl--alkylpyrrolidinium organic cations together with the dicyanamide (dca, N(CN)) anion are reported. The ...salts are low melting compounds, all those reported are liquid at room temperature, for example 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium dicyanamide (mp -21 degreeC) and -methyl--ethylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide (mp -10 degreeC). Some of the salts exhibit multiple crystalline phases below their melting points. Above their melting points they are stable to at least 200 degreeC. Many of the salts were found to be glass forming when cooled rapidly to -100 degreeC. The room-temperature liquids exhibit very low viscosities, for example ethylmethylimidazolium dicyanamide: = 21 cP at ambient temperature (25 degreeC).
Because of their potentially superior safety characteristics, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs or ILs) have been vigorously researched as a potential replacement for current commercial lithium ...battery electrolytes, which are based on volatile and flammable organic carbonates. However, relatively poor battery performance, which is a consequence of the higher viscosity and lower conductivity of these materials, has prevented them becoming mainstream electrolytes for commercial lithium batteries. Amongst various RTILs, those containing the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) anion exhibit high conductivities and diffusivities, making them interesting potential electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Here, we evaluate the electrochemical stability, lithium electrochemistry, and Li+ transference numbers of FSI-based ionic liquid electrolytes intended for use in rechargeable Li metal batteries. We show that ILs containing high concentrations of lithium, up to 3.2 mol.kg−1 in C3mpyr FSI, have excellent rate capability (higher than that of standard battery electrolytes) with both the lithium metal electrode and LiCoO2 cathode, in spite of their significantly higher viscosities and lower conductivities. This unusual behavior is ascribed to the concomitant increase in transference number with increasing Li-salt concentration.
Lewis base ionic liquids MacFarlane, Douglas R; Pringle, Jennifer M; Johansson, Katarina M ...
Chemical communications (Cambridge, England),
01/2006
18
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Ionic liquids which are (weak) Lewis bases have a number of interesting and useful properties different to those of traditional ionic liquids, including volatility and the possibility of being ...distillable in some cases, a base catalysis effect in others and enhancement of the acidity of dissolved acids.
Novel targeted and immunotherapeutic agents have revolutionized systemic melanoma management. We note differing rates of distant brain control as well as overall survival following systemic treatment ...and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in melanoma brain metastases management. These data support further research to determine the potential synergistic effect between these agents with SRS.
The effect of immunologic and targeted agents on intracranial response rates in patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) is not yet clearly understood. This report analyzes outcomes of intact MBMs treated with single-session stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and anti-PD-1 therapy, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, BRAF/MEK inhibitors(i), BRAFi, or conventional chemotherapy.
Patients were included if MBMs were treated with single-session SRS within 3 months of receiving systemic therapy. The primary end point of this study was distant MBM control. Secondary end points were local MBM control defined as a >20% volume increase on follow-up MRI, systemic progression-free survival, overall survival (OS) from both SRS and cranial metastases diagnosis, and neurotoxicity. Images were reviewed alongside two neuro-radiologists at our institution.
Ninety-six patients were treated to 314 MBMs over 119 SRS treatment sessions between January 2007 and August 2015. No significant differences were noted in age (P = 0.27), gender (P = 0.85), treated gross tumor volume (P = 0.26), or the diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment (P = 0.51) between the treatment cohorts. Twelve-month Kaplan–Meier (KM) distant MBM control rates were 38%, 21%, 20%, 8%, and 5% (P = 0.008) for SRS with anti-PD-1 therapies, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, BRAF/MEKi, BRAFi, and conventional chemotherapy, respectively. No significant differences were noted in the KM local MBM control rates among treatment groups (P = 0.25). Treatment with anti-PD-1 therapy, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, or BRAF/MEKi significantly improved OS on both univariate and multivariate analyses when compared with conventional chemotherapy.
In our institutional analysis of patients treated with SRS and various systemic immunologic and targeted melanoma agents, significant differences in distant MBM control and OS are noted. Prospective evaluation of the potential synergistic effect between these agents and SRS is warranted.
Sea-Floor Spreading Event Captured by Seismometers Tolstoy, M; Cowen, J.P; Baker, E.T ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
12/2006, Letnik:
314, Številka:
5807
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Two-thirds of Earth's surface is formed at mid-ocean ridges, yet sea-floor spreading events are poorly understood because they occur far beneath the ocean surface. At 9°50'N on the East Pacific Rise, ...ocean-bottom seismometers recently recorded the microearthquake character of a mid-ocean ridge eruption, including precursory activity. A gradual ramp-up in activity rates since seismic monitoring began at this site in October 2003 suggests that eruptions may be forecast in the fast-spreading environment. The pattern culminates in an intense but brief (~6-hour) inferred diking event on 22 January 2006, followed by rapid tapering to markedly decreased levels of seismicity.
Abstract
We present a case study of HE 0040-1105, an unobscured radio-quiet active galactic nucleus (AGN) at a high accretion rate of
λ
Edd
= 0.19 ± 0.04. This particular AGN hosts an ionized gas ...outflow with the largest spatial offset from its nucleus compared to all other AGNs in the Close AGN Reference Survey. By combining multiwavelength observations from the Very Large Telescope/MUSE, Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3, Very Large Array, and European VLBI Network, we probe the ionization conditions, gas kinematics, and radio emission from host galaxy scales to the central few parsecs. We detect four kinematically distinct components, one of which is a spatially unresolved AGN-driven outflow located within the central 500 pc, where it locally dominates the interstellar medium conditions. Its velocity is too low to escape the host galaxy’s gravitational potential, and may be re-accreted onto the central black hole via chaotic cold accretion. We detect compact radio emission in HE 0040-1105 within the region covered by the outflow, varying on a timescale of ∼20 yr. We show that neither AGN coronal emission nor star formation processes wholly explain the radio morphology/spectrum. The spatial alignment between the outflowing ionized gas and the radio continuum emission on 100 pc scales is consistent with a weak jet morphology rather than diffuse radio emission produced by AGN winds. >90% of the outflowing ionized gas emission originates from the central 100 pc, within which the ionizing luminosity of the outflow is comparable to the mechanical power of the radio jet. Although radio jets might primarily drive the outflow in HE 0040-1105, radiation pressure from the AGN may contribute to this process.
Abstract
Low-excitation radio galaxies (LERGs) are weakly accreting active galactic nuclei (AGNs) believed to be fueled by radiatively inefficient accretion processes. Despite this, recent works have ...shown evidence for ionized and neutral hydrogen gas outflows in these galaxies. To investigate the potential drivers of such outflows, we select a sample of 802 LERGs using the Best & Heckman (2012) catalog of radio galaxies. By modeling the O
iii
λ
5007 profile in Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra of a sample of 802 LERGs, we determine that the ionized outflows are present in ∼1.5% of the population. Using 1.4 GHz imaging from the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters survey we analyze the radio morphology of LERGs with outflows and find these to be consistent with the parent LERG population. However, we note that unlike the majority of the LERG population, those LERGs showing outflows have Eddington-scaled accretion rates close to 1%. This is indicative that ionized outflows in LERGs are driven by the radiation pressure from the accretion disk of the AGN rather than the radio jets. We report specific star formation rates in the range of 10
−12
< sSFR < 10
−9
yr
−1
. Moreover, we observe higher mass outflow rates, 7–150
M
☉
yr
−1
, for these LERGs than luminous quasars for a given bolometric luminosity, which could possibly be due to the radio source in LERGs boosting the mass loading. This scenario could indicate that these outflows could potentially drive feedback in LERGs.
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