Parametric instabilities have long been studied as a potentially limiting effect in high-power interferometric gravitational wave detectors. Until now, however, these instabilities have never been ...observed in a kilometer-scale interferometer. In this Letter, we describe the first observation of parametric instability in a gravitational wave detector, and the means by which it has been removed as a barrier to progress.
Abstract
The sensitivity of aLIGO detectors is adversely affected by the presence of noise caused by light scattering. Low frequency seismic disturbances can create higher frequency scattering noise ...adversely impacting the frequency band in which we detect gravitational waves. In this paper, we analyze instances of a type of scattered light noise we call ``Fast Scatter" that is produced by motion at frequencies greater than 1 Hz, to locate surfaces in the detector that may be responsible for the noise. We model the phase noise to better understand the relationship between increases in seismic noise near the site and the resulting Fast Scatter observed. We find that mechanical damping of the Arm Cavity Baffles (ACBs) led to a significant reduction of this noise in recent data. For a similar degree of seismic motion in the $1$--$3~\mathrm{Hz}$ range, the rate of noise transients is reduced by a factor of $\sim$ 50.
Lasers for gravitational wave detectors need to fulfill tight requirements in amplitude stability, which can only be met by means of feedback control loops. Ultimately, power stabilization control ...loops are limited by the shot noise of their sensor. The power noise increases linearly with the amount of detected power, while the shot noise grows with the square root. Increasing the detected power is therefore a suitable means to reach a lower sensing noise but it is limited by the power handling capabilities of the photodiodes. An alternative way of improving the sensitivity is the optical AC coupling technique, which exploits the high pass behavior of an optical resonator to reduce the optical power on the detector without compromising its sensitivity above the corner frequency. In this paper we investigate the optical AC coupling technique at the aLIGO Livingston gravitational wave detector. We measured an optical AC coupling gain of 10 dB in the gravitational wave detection band, which offers the potential to improve the laser power stability by the same factor.
The sensitivity of aLIGO detectors is adversely affected by the presence of noise caused by light scattering. Low frequency seismic disturbances can create higher frequency scattering noise adversely ...impacting the frequency band in which we detect gravitational waves. In this paper, we analyze instances of a type of scattered light noise we call "Fast Scatter" that is produced by motion at frequencies greater than 1 Hz, to locate surfaces in the detector that may be responsible for the noise. We model the phase noise to better understand the relationship between increases in seismic noise near the site and the resulting Fast Scatter observed. We find that mechanical damping of the Arm Cavity Baffles (ACBs) led to a significant reduction of this noise in recent data. For a similar degree of seismic motion in the 1-3 Hz range, the rate of noise transients is reduced by a factor of ~ 50.
Interferometric gravitational wave detectors operate with high optical power in their arms in order to achieve high shot-noise limited strain sensitivity. A significant limitation to increasing the ...optical power is the phenomenon of three-mode parametric instabilities, in which the laser field in the arm cavities is scattered into higher order optical modes by acoustic modes of the cavity mirrors. The optical modes can further drive the acoustic modes via radiation pressure, potentially producing an exponential buildup. One proposed technique to stabilize parametric instability is active damping of acoustic modes. We report here the first demonstration of damping a parametrically unstable mode using active feedback forces on the cavity mirror. A 15,538 Hz mode that grew exponentially with a time constant of 182 sec was damped using electro-static actuation, with a resulting decay time constant of 23 sec. An average control force of 0.03 nNrms was required to maintain the acoustic mode at its minimum amplitude.
We describe the angular sensing and control of the 4 km detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). The culmination of first generation LIGO detectors, Enhanced LIGO ...operated between 2009 and 2010 with about 40 kW of laser power in the arm cavities. In this regime, radiation pressure effects are significant and induce instabilities in the angular opto-mechanical transfer functions. Here we present and motivate the angular sensing and control (ASC) design in this extreme case and present the results of its implementation in Enhanced LIGO. Highlights of the ASC performance are: successful control of opto-mechanical torsional modes, relative mirror motions of 1x10^{-7} rad rms, and limited impact on in-band strain sensitivity.
Optical loss from scattered light could limit the performance of quantum-noise filter cavities being considered for an upgrade to the Advanced LIGO gravitational-wave detectors. This paper describes ...imaging scatterometer measurements of the large-angle scattered light from two high-quality sample optics, a high reflector and a beam splitter. These optics are each superpolished fused silica substrates with silica:tantala dielectric coatings. They represent the current state-of-the art optical technology for use in filter cavities. We present angle-resolved scatter values and integrate these to estimate the total scatter over the measured angles. We find that the total integrated light scattered into larger angles can be as small as 4 ppm.
Parametric instabilities have long been studied as a potentially limiting effect in high-power interferometric gravitational wave detectors. Until now, however, these instabilities have never been ...observed in a kilometer-scale interferometer. In this work we describe the first observation of parametric instability in an Advanced LIGO detector, and the means by which it has been removed as a barrier to progress.
We report measurements of cross sections for the reaction {sup 1}H(e,e{prime} K{sup +})Y, for both the {Lambda} and {Sigma}{sup 0} hyperon states, at an invariant mass of W = 1.84 GeV and ...four-momentum transfers 0.5 < Q{sup 2} < 2 (GeV/c){sup 2}. Data were taken for three values of virtual photon polarization {epsilon}, allowing the decomposition of the cross sections into longitudinal and transverse components. The {Lambda} data are a revised analysis of prior work, whereas the {Sigma}{sup 0} results have not been previously reported.
We report measurements of cross sections for the reaction p(e,e{prime}K{sup +})Y, for both the Lambda and Sigma{sub 0} hyperon states, at an invariant mass of W = 1.84 GeV and four-momentum transfers ...0.5 < Q{sup 2} < 2 (GeV/c){sup 2}. Data were taken for three values of virtual photon polarization, allowing the decomposition of the cross sections into longitudinal and transverse components. The Lambda data is a revised analysis of prior work, whereas the Sigma{sub 0} results have not been previously reported.
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