Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a routinely used vaccine for protecting children against
that comprises attenuated
. BCG can also be used to protect livestock against
; however, its effectiveness ...has not been quantified for this use. We performed a natural transmission experiment to directly estimate the rate of transmission to and from vaccinated and unvaccinated calves over a 1-year exposure period. The results show a higher indirect efficacy of BCG to reduce transmission from vaccinated animals that subsequently become infected 74%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 46 to 98% compared with direct protection against infection (58%; 95% CrI: 34 to 73%) and an estimated total efficacy of 89% (95% CrI: 74 to 96%). A mechanistic transmission model of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread within the Ethiopian dairy sector was developed and showed how the prospects for elimination may be enabled by routine BCG vaccination of cattle.
Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic and has a substantial impact on the livestock sector in Ethiopia and other low and middle-income countries (LMICs). With a national emphasis on dairy ...farm intensification to boost milk production and spur economic growth, the incidence of bTB is anticipated to rise. However, Ethiopia, like other LMICs, lacks a comprehensive national bTB control strategy due to the economic and social infeasibility of traditional test-and-cull (TC) approaches. To inform the development of such a strategy, we evaluated the effectiveness and feasibility of TC and test-and-segregation (TSg) strategies for bTB control on Ethiopian dairy farms. A TC approach was used at Farm A N = 62; comparative cervical test (CCT) > 4 mm, starting prevalence 11.3% while TSg was implemented at Farm B (N = 45; CCT > 4 mm, prevalence 22.2%), with testing intervals of 2–4 months. Both strategies achieved a reduction in bTB prevalence to 0%, requiring seven rounds of TC over 18 months at Farm A, and five rounds of TSg over 12 months at Farm B’s negative herd. The results show that adopting more sensitive thresholds CCT > 0 mm or single cervical test (SCT) > 2 mm during later rounds was pivotal in identifying and managing previously undetected infections, emphasizing the critical need for optimized diagnostic thresholds. Cost analysis revealed that TC was approximately twice as expensive as TSg, primarily due to testing, labor, and cow losses in TC, versus construction of new facilities and additional labor for TSg. This underscores the economic and logistical challenges of bTB management in resource-limited settings. Taken together, our study highlights an urgent need for the exploration of alternative approaches including TSg and or vaccination to mitigate within herd transmission and enable implementation of bTB control in regions where TC is not feasible.
The present case report aims to describe surgical repair and management of inguinal hernia in a 2‐month‐old, 5 kg, female kid admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. General and clinical ...examination revealed a large swelling in the left groin, progressing to the groin area that could be reduced to the ring. After aseptic preparation of the surgical site, stabilisation with diazepam at 0.1 mg/kg and circular infiltration with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride at 3.4 mg/kg, a sharp linear incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue over the swelling slightly lateral to the udder. Then the contents were identified and relocated. From there, the ring was renewed and sutured with the appropriate threads and patterns followed by muscle layer and skin. After the operation, the kid was administered with antibiotics and analgesics intramuscularly for 3 days, incision site was dressed with diluted chlorhexidine solution and the kid successfully recovered without complications.
Objectives
To describe the surgical management of ventrolateral hernias by using the vest‐over‐pants closure technique.
Animals
On two local breed sheep that were kept under an extensive management ...system.
Study design
Case report.
Study methods
Patient history and clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment.
Outcomes
After frequent follow‐up and well post‐operative care, the patient were recovered.
Conclusion
The herniorrhaphy and closure performed in both sheep were highly successful and effective in apposing hernial ring by maintaining equal tensions with minimal wound dehiscence, unlike other closure techniques.
A case report on ventrolateral herniorrhaphy in ovines.
Background: Considering the socio-economic-cultural connection with livestock in African countries, zoonotic tuberculosis remains a public health threat for the public and abattoir workers. ...Objective: To assess the prevalence, awareness, and associated risk factors for zoonotic tuberculosis among the Adama Municipal Abattoir workers in Central Ethiopia. Methods: Interviews were conducted among 113 Abattoir workers, in Adama, Central Ethiopia, to assess the awareness level and predisposing factors for Zoonotic Tuberculosis. Sputum samples were collected from 54 consenting workers was for laboratory testing. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square/Fishers' Exact test were employed for analysis. Results: Four out of the 54 abattoir workers tested positive for Mycobacteria by culture and acid-fast staining. One out of the four isolates were M. bovis while three were not members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) by PCR analysis. Seventy-three (63.71%) respondents had no knowledge regarding the main hygiene practices in the abattoir. Most of the respondents (>90%) had the habit of consuming raw milk/meat and had contact with live animals and animal products for more than eight hour's daily. Among the considered risk factors, only age (χ2=3.3074; P=0.0003) had a significant influence over the culture's positive status of the workers. Conclusion: Isolation of M. bovis with limited awareness and high-risk behavior for acquiring zoonotic tuberculosis is a concern. This warrants further investigation into the role of M. bovis with regards to the burdens posed by human tuberculosis in the area.
Many dog helminth parasites are endemic in many countries of the world posing public health threat. However, they were neglected and less studied in the developing countries such as Ethiopia. This ...cross-sectional study carried out from November 2016 to April 2017 in Bishoftu town aims at estimating the prevalence of major gastrointestinal tract (GIT) zoonotic helminth parasites of dogs and assessing dog owner’s knowledge and control practice against zoonotic dog parasites. Accordingly, the whole area of Bishoftu town was divided into 60 blocks, of which 10 were randomly selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was prepared in English, pretested and administered face to face to 140 dog-owning respondents using two local languages: Amharic and Affan Oromo. Fecal samples collected from 238 dogs after administration of ivermectin and praziquantel at recommended doses to increase sensitivity of detection and to get favorable cooperation of owners. For case detection flotation technique is used for parasite egg identification and parasite morphology for parasites observed in the feces. Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2), p-values and 95% confidence intervals calculated to measure association. Four zoonotic helminthic parasites detected with combined infection prevalence of 59.24% (95% CI: 52.84-65.35). The prevalence of each was 33.61% (95% CI: 27.86 – 39.90) Ancylostoma (A.) caninum, 29.41% (95% CI: 23.93 – 35.56) Toxocara (T.) canis, 19.75% (95% CI: 15.14 – 25.34) Dipylidium (D.) caninum, and 2.10% (95% CI: 0.87 – 4.98) Echinococcus (E.) granulosus. The prevalence of A. caninum and T. canis was significantly higher than the prevalence of D. caninum and E. granulosus. Mixed infection with two parasites recorded in 13.87% whereas concurrent infection with three parasites registered in 5.88% of the dogs. Statistically significant association (p<0.05) was observed between overall infection prevalence and the sex of dogs, where infection prevalence of A. caninum (p<0.001) and T. canis (p<0.001) were significantly higher in male than in female dogs. The questionnaire survey revealed that only 40% of the respondents were aware of the transmission of zoonotic helminthes to humans while none know the route of transmission. Of all the respondents, 58.57% reported regular deworming of their dogs, at least twice per annum, whereas 47.86% of respondents clean and dispose dogs’ excrement with household garbage and 88.57% of dog owners remove dogs’ excrement without using glove, facemasks, boots and/or coverall/gown for personal protection In relative terms high prevalence of zoonotic helminth parasites infestation was observed in owned dog population with poor awareness about route of transmission. Thus, it is advisable to create awareness of dog owners in waste management and use of Personal Protective Equipment’s (PPE).
Keywords: Ancylostoma; Bishoftu; Dipylidium; Echinococcus; Ethiopia; Toxocara
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major zoonotic disease of cattle that is endemic in much of the world, limiting livestock productivity and representing a global public health threat. Because the ...standard tuberculin skin test precludes implementation of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-based control programs, we here developed and evaluated a novel peptide-based defined antigen skin test (DST) to diagnose bTB and to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The results, in laboratory assays and in experimentally or naturally infected animals, demonstrate that the peptide-based DST provides DIVA capability and equal or superior performance over the extant standard tuberculin surveillance test. Together with the ease of chemical synthesis, quality control, and lower burden for regulatory approval compared with recombinant antigens, the results of our studies show that the DST considerably improves a century-old standard and enables the development and implementation of critically needed surveillance and vaccination programs to accelerate bTB control.
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2008 to March 2009 to determine the occurrence and infestation rate of varoa mite on bee colonies of three peasant associations (PAs) of Wukro ...District: Genfel, Adikisandid and Aynalem containing 51 households and owning about 805 honeybee colonies. The total sample size was determined to be 384, which was proportionally allocated to the studied PAs. The overall prevalence of Varroa destructor infestation recorded were 40% in the brood and 35% in adult honey bees. The rate of mite infestation in the brood and adult bees of the three peasant associations were 40%, 35% at Genfel, 42.7%, 37.8% at Adikisandid and 38%, 33% at Aynalem, respectively. Statistically no significant variation was observed in the prevalence of varroa infestation between brood and adult bees as well as among the three PAs (p > 0.05, ÷ 2=0.279). The high prevalence of varroa infestation on both brood and adult bees at all the three PAs need to be considered a huge threat to beekeeping, honey production and crop production of the area unless an appropriate management practices is immediately instituted to minimize the well-known weakening and devastating effect of varoa mite on honey bee colonies, honey production and crop pollination dependent on honey bees.
PDF
