Four studies examined a new measure of compulsive hoarding (Saving Inventory-Revised; SI-R). Factor analysis using 139 hoarding participants identified 3 factors: difficulty discarding, excessive ...clutter, and excessive acquisition. Additional studies were conducted with hoarding participants, OCD participants without hoarding, community controls and an elderly sample exhibiting a range of hoarding behavior. Internal consistencies and test–retest reliabilities were good. The SI-R distinguished hoarding participants from all other non-hoarding comparison groups. The SI-R showed strong correlations with other indices and methods of measuring hoarding (beliefs, activity dysfunction from clutter, observer ratings of clutter in the home) and relatively weaker correlations with non-hoarding measures (positive and negative affect and OCD symptoms). The SI-R appears to be an appropriate instrument for assessing symptoms of compulsive hoarding in clinical and non-clinical samples.
Compulsive hoarding, the acquisition of and failure to discard large numbers of possessions, is associated with substantial health risk, impairment in functioning, and economic burden. Despite clear ...indications that hoarding has a detrimental effect on people living with or near someone with a hoarding problem, no empirical research has examined these harmful effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the burden of hoarding on family members. Six hundred sixty-five family informants who reported having a family member or friend with hoarding behaviors completed an internet-based survey. Living with an individual who hoards during childhood was associated with elevated reports of childhood distress and family strain. Family members reported high levels of patient rejection attitudes, suggesting high levels of family frustration and hostility. Rejecting attitudes were predicted by severity of hoarding symptoms, the individual's perceived lack of insight into the behavior, and having lived in a cluttered environment during childhood. These results suggest that compulsive hoarding adversely impacts not only the hoarding individual, but also those living with them.
Hoarding is a serious form of psychopathology that has been associated with significant health and safety concerns, as well as the source of social and economic burden (Tolin, Frost, Steketee, & ...Fitch, 2008; Tolin, Frost, Steketee, Gray, & Fitch, 2008). Recent developments in the treatment of hoarding have met with some success for both individual and group treatments. Nevertheless, the cost and limited accessibility of these treatments leave many hoarding sufferers without options for help. One alternative is support groups that require relatively few resources. Frost, Pekareva-Kochergina, and Maxner (2011) reported significant declines in hoarding symptoms following a non-professionally run 13-week support group (The Buried in Treasures BIT Workshop). The BIT Workshop is a highly structured and short term support group. The present study extended these findings by reporting on the results of a waitlist control trial of the BIT Workshop. Significant declines in all hoarding symptom measures were observed compared to a waitlist control. The treatment response rate for the BIT Workshop was similar to that obtained by previous individual and group treatment studies, despite its shorter length and lack of a trained therapist. The BIT Workshop may be an effective adjunct to cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder, or an alternative when cognitive behavior therapy is inaccessible.
► We examined changes in hoarding symptoms during a 13-week structured support group. ► We compared support group changes with those of a waitlist control group. ► The support group produced more symptom improvement than the waitlist. ► The support group resulted in more change in hoarding beliefs than the waitlist.
Chronic lithium treatment effectively reduces behavioral phenotypes of mania in humans and rodents. The mechanisms by which lithium exerts these actions are poorly understood. Pre‐clinical and ...clinical evidence have implicated increased mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmission with mania. We used fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry to characterize changes in extracellular DA concentrations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core evoked by 20 and 60 Hz electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in C57BL6/J mice treated either acutely or chronically with lithium. The effects of chronic lithium treatment on the availability of DA for release were assessed by depleting readily releasable DA using short inter‐train intervals, or administering d‐amphetamine acutely to mobilize readily releasable DA. Chronic, but not acute, lithium treatment decreased the amplitude of DA responses in the NAc following 60 Hz pulse train stimulation. Neither lithium treatment altered the kinetics of DA release or reuptake. Chronic treatment did not impact the progressive reduction in the amplitude of DA responses when, using 20 or 60 Hz pulse trains, the VTA was stimulated every 6 s to deplete DA. Specifically, the amplitude of DA responses to 60 Hz pulse trains was initially reduced compared to control mice, but by the fifth pulse train, there was no longer a treatment effect. However, chronic lithium treatment attenuated d‐amphetamine‐induced increases in DA responses to 20 Hz pulse trains stimulation. Our data suggest that long‐term administration of lithium may ameliorate mania phenotypes by normalizing the readily releasable DA pool in VTA axon terminals in the NAc.
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Three weeks' treatment with the anti‐manic drug, lithium, reduced dopamine release in mouse nucleus accumbens evoked by 60 Hz, but not 20 Hz, electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area, and attenuated increases in 20 Hz‐evoked dopamine release following acute amphetamine administration. These data suggest that lithium stabilizes mood because it attenuates dopamine release only when it is abnormally high.
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Existing psychological and pharmacological interventions for obsessive-compulsive disorder have not been particularly successful for compulsive hoarding, perhaps due in part to poor insight on the ...part of sufferers. Individuals with compulsive hoarding problems commonly display lack of awareness of the severity of their behavior, sometimes denying that they have a problem and often resisting intervention attempts and failing to follow through with therapeutic assignments. Using an internet-based survey, family and friends of individuals with reported hoarding problems (
family/friend informants, N
= 584) provided ratings of the hoarder’s level of insight. They also made several ratings of the severity of the person’s hoarding behavior, then rated the same items again with regard to how they thought the hoarder would respond to the items. Family/friend informants described the hoarder on average as having fair to poor insight. More than half were described as having “poor insight” or “lacks insight/delusional,” substantially worse insight than found in samples of OCD clinic patients using the same measure. Family/friend informants’ ratings of hoarding severity were significantly greater than were their estimates of the hoarder’s ratings. Hoarders described as showing less distress about the hoarding were described as showing poorer insight. These results suggest that compulsive hoarding is characterized by poor insight into the severity of the problem. Treatment development might need to emphasize strategies to bolster awareness, insight, and motivation.
Hoarding, the excessive collection and failure to discard objects of apparently little value, can represent a serious psychiatric problem and pose a threat to public health. Hoarding has ...traditionally been considered a symptom (or symptom dimension) of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but its nosological status has recently been debated. Mounting evidence suggests that, once other primary causes are ruled out, hoarding may be a discrete diagnostic entity, recently named Hoarding Disorder. However, hoarding can sometimes be a genuine OCD symptom. This can be confusing and clinicians may sometimes struggle making the differential diagnosis. To illustrate this, we describe 10 OCD patients with severe hoarding behavior that is better conceptualized as a symptom of OCD. We focus on the motivations for hoarding and the overlapping of hoarding with other obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. We estimate that this clinical presentation is relatively rare and accounts for a minority of severe hoarding cases. We discuss the unique characteristics of hoarding as a symptom of OCD and the implications for DSM-V.
The literature examining the relation between perfectionism and eating disorders was reviewed and content and methodological comparisons were made with the perfectionism literature in anxiety ...disorders and depressive disorders. A PsychInfo search using the key words “perfectionism/ perfect/ perfectionistic,” “anorexia,” “bulimia,” and “eating disorders” was performed and the generated list of papers was supplemented based on a review of reference lists in the papers. A total of 55 papers published between 1990 and 2005 were identified that assessed perfectionism among individuals with diagnosed eating disorders. The key research questions were distilled from these publications and empirical findings were summarized for each question, followed by a comparison with perfectionism papers in the anxiety and depressive disorder literatures. Also, key research design methodological parameters were identified and comparisons made across the three literatures: eating disorders, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders. The current review concludes with conceptual and methodological recommendations for researchers interested in perfectionism and eating disorders.
Antipsychotic drugs are increasingly used in children and adolescents to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the long-term effects of early life antipsychotic ...drug treatment. Most antipsychotic drugs are potent antagonists or partial agonists of dopamine D2 receptors; atypical antipsychotic drugs also antagonize type 2A serotonin receptors. Dopamine and serotonin regulate many neurodevelopmental processes. Thus, early life antipsychotic drug treatment can, potentially, perturb these processes, causing long-term behavioral- and neurobiological impairments. Here, we treated adolescent, male rats with olanzapine on post-natal days 28-49. As adults, they exhibited impaired working memory, but normal spatial memory, as compared to vehicle-treated control rats. They also showed a deficit in extinction of fear conditioning. Measures of motor activity and skill, habituation to an open field, and affect were normal. In the orbital- and medial prefrontal cortices, parietal cortex, nucleus accumbens core and dentate gyrus, adolescent olanzapine treatment altered the developmental dynamics and mature values of dendritic spine density in a region-specific manner. Measures of motor activity and skill, habituation to an open field, and affect were normal. In the orbital- and medial prefrontal cortices, D1 binding was reduced and binding of GABA(A) receptors with open Cl(-) channels was increased. In medial prefrontal cortex, D2 binding was also increased. The persistence of these changes underscores the importance of improved understanding of the enduring sequelae of pediatric APD treatment as a basis for weighing the benefits and risks of adolescent antipsychotic drug therapy, especially prophylactic treatment in high risk, asymptomatic patients. The long-term changes in neurotransmitter receptor binding and neural circuitry induced by adolescent APD treatment may also cause enduring changes in behavioral- and neurobiological responses to other therapeutic- or illicit psychotropic drugs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Compulsive buying is a disabling condition associated with a chronic failure to control the urge to purchase objects. Compulsive buying is closely related to major depression, obsessive-compulsive ...disorder, and in particular, compulsive hoarding. Like compulsive hoarding, compulsive buying is thought to be influenced by a range of cognitive domains including deficits in decision-making, emotional attachments to objects and erroneous beliefs about possessions, and other maladaptive beliefs. This study examined cognitive factors related to compulsive buying among 189 participants, described by R. O. Frost, G. Steketee, and L. F. Williams (2002), of whom 75 were classified as "compulsive buyers" and 85 as "controls." Beliefs associated with compulsive buying were assessed with the newly developed 43-item self-report Buying Cognitions Inventory (BCI). Other cognitive styles (i.e., perfectionism) and processing (i.e., decision-making) were also assessed. Overall, this study supported a theoretical model of compulsive buying addressing 5 main domains: (a) depressed mood; (b) compromised self-perceptions and perfectionistic expectations; (c) erroneous beliefs about the nature of objects, potential purchases, and purchasing opportunities; (d) erroneous beliefs about the psychological benefits of buying; and (e) decision-making difficulties.
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