Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is extensively used as an oxidant to develop the sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes in the decontamination of organic pollutants and various PMS activation ...methods have been explored. Visible-light-assisted PMS activation to construct a Fenton-like process has shown a great potential for pollution control. In our work, BiVO4 nanosheets were prepared using a hydrothermal process and used to activate PMS under visible light. A rapid degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was achieved by dosing PMS (0.96 g/L), BiVO4 (0.32 g/L) under visible light with a reaction rate constant of 77.72-fold higher than that in the BiVO4/visible light process. The electron spin resonance and free radical quenching experiments indicate that reactive species of •O2−, h+, •OH and SO4•− all worked, where h+, •OH and SO4•− were found as the dominant contributors to the CIP degradation. The spectroscopic analyses further demonstrate that the photoinduced electrons were directly involved in the PMS activation process. The generated •O2− was partially utilized to activate PMS and more •OH was produced because of the chain reactions between SO4•− and H2O/OH−. In this process, PMS acted as an electron acceptor to transfer the photo-induced charges from the conduction band of BiVO4 and PMS was successfully activated to yield the high-powered oxidative species. From the degradation intermediates of CIP detected by a liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometer, the possible degradation pathways were proposed. The substantially decreased toxicity of CIP after the reaction was also observed. This work might provide new insights into the visible-light-assisted PMS activation mechanisms and is useful to construct environmentally-friendly catalytic processes for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants.
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•PMS was effectively activated by BiVO4 nanosheets for water purification under visible light.•Separation of electron/hole pairs and generation of oxidative species were enhanced.•Visible-light-assisted PMS activation Fenton-like mechanism was elucidated.•High mineralization and low biotoxicity validated the application potential of the system.
The efficiency of solar hydrogen evolution closely depends on the multiple electrons accumulation on the catalytic center for two‐electron‐involved water reduction. Herein, we report an effective ...approach to enable broadband light absorption and unidirectional electron flow for efficiently accumulating electrons at active sites for hydrogen evolution by rationally engineering the nanostructure of Pt nanoparticles (NPs), TiO2, and SiO2 support. In addition to Schottky‐junction‐driven electron transfer from TiO2 to Pt, Pt NPs also produce hot electrons by recycling the scattered visible and near‐infrared (vis‐NIR) light of the support. Unidirectional electron flow to active sites is realized by tuning the components spatial distribution. These features collectively accumulate multiple electrons at catalytic Pt sites, thereby affording enhanced activity toward hydrogen evolution under simulated sunlight.
Broadband light harvesting and unidirectional electron flow are integrated by rationally engineering a nanostructure of Pt nanoparticles, TiO2, and SiO2 support. The composite nanostructure efficiently accumulates electrons at active sites for enhanced solar hydrogen generation.
Little is known about the inter-relationship among fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota and metabolites, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in human prospective cohort study. The aim of the present ...study was to investigate the prospective association of fruit and vegetable intake with human gut microbiota and to examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable-related gut microbiota and their related metabolites with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk.
This study included 1879 middle-age elderly Chinese adults from Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). Baseline dietary information was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (2008-2013). Fecal samples were collected at follow-up (2015-2019) and analyzed for 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted fecal metabolomics. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin. We used multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models to investigate the prospective associations of fruit and vegetable intake with gut microbiota and the association of the identified gut microbiota (fruit/vegetable-microbiota index) and their related fecal metabolites with T2D risk, respectively. Replications were performed in an independent cohort involving 6626 participants.
In the GNHS, dietary fruit intake, but not vegetable, was prospectively associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition. The fruit-microbiota index (FMI, created from 31 identified microbial features) was positively associated with fruit intake (p < 0.001) and inversely associated with T2D risk (odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95%CI 0.71-0.97). The FMI-fruit association (p = 0.003) and the FMI-T2D association (OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.84-0.97) were both successfully replicated in the independent cohort. The FMI-positive associated metabolite sebacic acid was inversely associated with T2D risk (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.51-0.86). The FMI-negative associated metabolites cholic acid (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.13-1.62), 3-dehydrocholic acid (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.09-1.54), oleylcarnitine (OR 1.77, 95%CI 1.45-2.20), linoleylcarnitine (OR 1.66, 95%CI 1.37-2.05), palmitoylcarnitine (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.33-2.02), and 2-hydroglutaric acid (OR 1.47, 95%CI 1.25-1.72) were positively associated with T2D risk.
Higher fruit intake-associated gut microbiota and metabolic alteration were associated with a lower risk of T2D, supporting the public dietary recommendation of adopting high fruit intake for the T2D prevention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Background
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and fatty liver (FL) are common, natural history data on concurrent FL and CHB (FL-CHB) are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of FL on ...cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance incidence in CHB patients.
Methods
In a retrospective cohort study of 6786 adult CHB patients, we used propensity score matching (PSM) to balance the FL-CHB and non-FL CHB groups. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to compare cumulative cirrhosis, HCC, and HBsAg seroclearance rates between subgroups.
Results
Before PSM, compared to non-FL CHB, FL-CHB patients had lower 10-year cumulative rates of cirrhosis, HCC, and a higher HBsAg seroclearance rate. Similar results were found in the matched FL-CHB and non-FL CHB patients, as well as in the antiviral-treated PSM cohort. Cox proportional hazards model indicated FL to remain significantly and strongly associated with lower risk of cirrhosis and HCC (hazard ratio HR, 0.19 95% confidence interval {CI}, .12–.33, P < .001 and HR, 0.21 95% CI, .09–.51, P = .001, respectively) in antiviral-treated patients but not in untreated patients.
Conclusions
FL was significantly associated with lower cirrhosis and HCC risk and higher HBsAg seroclearance. Further studies are needed to confirm our funding and investigate the mechanisms underlying the impact of FL on CHB.
In this retrospective cohort study of 6786 adult patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), we observed a consistently lower incidence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and higher incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in CHB patients’ concurrent fatty liver (FL), compared to non-FL CHB patients.
Genome‐wide association studies have linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the interleukin‐28B gene to the hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV‐1) response to peginterferon/ribavirin ...treatment. We aimed to explore the impact on the treatment outcomes of Asian HCV‐2 patients. We determined rs8105790, rs8099917, rs4803219, and rs10853728 to be candidate SNPs in 482 Asian HCV‐2 patients treated with the standard of care. Because the first three SNPs were in very strong linkage disequilibrium with one another (r2 = 0.94‐0.96), rs8099917 and rs10853728 were selected for an analysis of their influence on the achievement of rapid virological response RVR; seronegativity for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in treatment week 4 and sustained virological response (SVR; seronegativity for HCV RNA throughout 24 weeks of posttreatment follow‐up). The rs10853728 genotype did not predict RVR or SVR in HCV‐2 patients. However, patients with the rs8099917 TT genotype, in comparison with patients with GT/GG genotypes, had a significantly higher rate of achieving RVR (85.2% versus 72.0%, P = 0.017) but did have not a significantly higher rate of achieving SVR (89.4% versus 86.0%). Multivariate analysis revealed that a baseline HCV viral load <400,000 IU/mL was the strongest predictor of RVR odds ratio (OR) = 4.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.31‐7.87, P < 0.001, and this was followed by advanced liver fibrosis (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.15‐0.53, P < 0.001), the carriage of the rs8099917 TT genotype (OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.34‐7.21, P = 0.008), and the pretreatment level of aspartate aminotransferase (OR = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.99‐1.00, P = 0.04). Nevertheless, the achievement of RVR was the single predictor of SVR with an OR of 19.37 (95% CI = 8.89‐42.23, P < 0.001), whereas the rs8099917 genotypes played no role in achieving SVR with or without RVR. Conclusion: The rs8099917 TT genotype is significantly independently predictive of RVR, which is the single best predictor of SVR, in Asian HCV‐2 patients. (Hepatology 2011)
Owing to inherent hydrophobicity, most polymer membranes suffer from serious fouling by organic pollutants, which severely deteriorates separation performances and reduce membrane lifetimes. Thus, ...surface hydrophilic modifications are essential to the development and application of various polymer membranes. Here, an unconventional but simple one-step approach was used to modify the surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes to produce good hydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. This method directly anchored hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) onto PVDF membrane surfaces under γ-ray irradiation but without any vinyl additives. The obtained modified PVDF membranes possessed excellent separation performances for various oil-in-water emulsions, with oil rejection up to 99.5% and filtration flux up to 6.9 × 102 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 under ultralow pressure (0.084 bar). In addition, oil fouling was confirmed to be almost reversible on modified PVDF membranes, which made the flux recovery remarkably improved, from 33% of pristine PVDF membrane to 98% of modified membranes, and they also exhibited outstanding oil-fouling resistance to high viscosity oils. This study demonstrated that this unconventional radiation method was facile and effective for tailoring the performance of polymer membranes with saturated functional compounds, which could benefit the development of various functional membranes and other materials.
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•High hydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity were endowed to PVDF membranes.•PVA was directly and covalently anchored on PVDF membranes through an unconventional radiation method.•PVA-modified PVDF membranes separated various oil-in-water emulsions.•PVA-modified PVDF membranes exhibited excellent anti-oil-fouling and easy-cleaning properties.
To identify the core gut microbial features associated with type 2 diabetes risk and potential demographic, adiposity, and dietary factors associated with these features.
We used an interpretable ...machine learning framework to identify the type 2 diabetes-related gut microbiome features in the cross-sectional analyses of three Chinese cohorts: one discovery cohort (
= 1,832, 270 cases of type 2 diabetes) and two validation cohorts (cohort 1:
= 203, 48 cases; cohort 2:
= 7,009, 608 cases). We constructed a microbiome risk score (MRS) with the identified features. We examined the prospective association of the MRS with glucose increment in 249 participants without type 2 diabetes and assessed the correlation between the MRS and host blood metabolites (
= 1,016). We transferred human fecal samples with different MRS levels to germ-free mice to confirm the MRS-type 2 diabetes relationship. We then examined the prospective association of demographic, adiposity, and dietary factors with the MRS (
= 1,832).
The MRS (including 14 microbial features) consistently associated with type 2 diabetes, with risk ratio for per 1-unit change in MRS 1.28 (95% CI 1.23-1.33), 1.23 (1.13-1.34), and 1.12 (1.06-1.18) across three cohorts. The MRS was positively associated with future glucose increment (
< 0.05) and was correlated with a variety of gut microbiota-derived blood metabolites. Animal study further confirmed the MRS-type 2 diabetes relationship. Body fat distribution was found to be a key factor modulating the gut microbiome-type 2 diabetes relationship.
Our results reveal a core set of gut microbiome features associated with type 2 diabetes risk and future glucose increment.
Background and Aim
The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and its interplay with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in terms of liver disease ...severity is elusive.
Methods
A mass surveillance program was conducted in a viral hepatitis endemic area. The objective was to identify MAFLD/non‐MAFLD subjects with advanced liver disease.
Results
Two thousand two hundred and forty‐two (41.7%) of the 5378 subjects were identified as having MAFLD, and 375 (7.0%) had advanced liver disease. The proportions of anti‐HCV and HBsAg seropositivity were 19.3% and 9.7%, respectively. The proportions of advanced fibrosis in subjects with non‐viral hepatitis (NBNC), HBV and HCV infection were 2.8%, 5.7% and 23.4%, respectively. Subjects with MAFLD had a significantly higher proportion of advanced fibrosis (8.7% vs 5.7%, P < 0.001). Factors associated with advanced fibrosis included age (odds ratio OR/95% confidence interval CI: 4.8/3.7–6.0, P < 0.001), male sex (OR/CI: 1.3/1.0–1.7, P = 0.019), anti‐HCV seropositivity (OR/CI: 5.9/4.6–7.5, P = 0.019), MAFLD‐lean metabolic dysregulation (MS) (OR/CI: 2.6/1.3–5.2, P = 0.005; compared with the non‐MAFLD group) and MAFLD‐diabetes (OR/CI: 1.5/1.1–2.1, P = 0.008; compared with the non‐MAFLD group). MAFLD did not aggravate liver disease severity in patients with viral hepatitis. However, among NBNC subjects, factors associated with advanced liver disease included MAFLD‐lean MS group (OR/CI: 9.1/2.4–34.6, P = 0.001; compared with non‐MAFLD group) and MAFLD‐DM group (OR/CI: 2.0/1.2–3.2, P = 0.004; compared with non‐MAFLD group).
Conclusions
MAFLD patients with diabetes and metabolic dysregulation had a higher risk of advanced liver disease. The effect was more significant in non‐viral hepatitis subjects in a community level.
Background
The environmental oxygen tension has been reported to impact the blastocyst quality and cell numbers in the inner cell mass (ICM) during human and murine embryogenesis. While the molecular ...mechanisms leading to increased ICM cell numbers and pluripotency gene expression under hypoxia have been deciphered, it remains unknown which regulatory pathways caused the underweight fetal body and overweight placenta after maternal exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO).
Results
The blastocysts from the HBO‐exposed pregnant mice revealed significantly increased signals of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear Nrf2 staining, decreased Nf2 and Oct4 expression, increased nuclear Tp53bp1 and active caspase‐3 staining, and ectopic nuclear signals of Cdx2, Yap, and the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) in the ICM. In the ICM of the HBO‐exposed blastocysts, both Nf2 cDNA microinjection and Nrf2 shRNA microinjection significantly decreased the ectopic nuclear expression of Cdx2, Tp53bp1, and Yap whereas increased Oct4 expression, while Nrf2 shRNA microinjection also significantly decreased Notch1 mRNA levels and nuclear expression of N1ICD and active caspase‐3.
Conclusion
We show for the first time that maternal exposure to HBO at the preimplantation stage induces apoptosis and impairs ICM cell specification via upregulating Nrf2‐Notch1‐Cdx2 expression and downregulating Nf2‐Oct4 expression.
Key Findings
Compared to the blastocysts derived from normoxia‐exposed female mice, the blastocysts from hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)‐exposed mothers exhibited significantly increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear Nrf2 staining, along with significantly decreased membranous Nf2 staining throughout the entire embryo in immunofluorescence analyses. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in Oct4 expression, increased nuclear staining of Tp53bp1 and active caspase‐3, and ectopic expression of Cdx2, Yap, and the Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) specifically within the inner cell mass (ICM).
Both microinjections of Nf2 overexpressor cDNA and Nrf2 shRNA into the pronuclear zygotes followed by oviduct transfer before daily HBO exposures significantly decreased the nuclear expression of Cdx2, Tp53bp1 and Yap whereas increased Oct4 expression in the ICM of the HBO‐exposed blastocysts.
Microinjection of Nrf2 shRNA into the pronuclear zygotes before daily HBO exposures significantly decreased Notch1 mRNA levels and nuclear expression of ectopic N1ICD and active caspase‐3 in the ICM of the HBO‐exposed blastocysts.
Microinjection of Nf2 overexpressor cDNA into the pronuclear zygotes before HBO exposure did not affect the levels of cell apoptosis, Notch1 mRNA and ectopic N1ICD expression in the ICM of the HBO‐exposed blastocysts.
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