Highlights ► This study investigated the genetic variation of BHV-1 vaccine strains and selected field strains. ► The entire genomes of the BHV-1 strains were sequenced. ► Genetic differences among ...BHV-1 strains were detected by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). ► BHV-1 vaccine strains could be grouped by similar SNP's patterns. ► In some cases, selected BHV-1 field strains were similar or identical to vaccine strains.
Abstract This study investigated viruses in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases in feedlots, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory ...syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronaviruses (BoCV) and parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3V). Nasal swabs were collected from 114 cattle on initial BRD treatment. Processing included modified live virus (MLV) vaccination. Seven BRD necropsy cases were included for 121 total cases. Mean number of days on feed before first sample was 14.9 days. Swabs and tissue homogenates were tested by gel based PCR (G-PCR), quantitative-PCR (qPCR) and quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and viral culture. There were 87/114 (76.3%) swabs positive for at least one virus by at least one test. All necropsy cases were positive for at least one virus. Of 121 cases, positives included 18/121 (14.9%) BoHV-1; 19/121 (15.7%) BVDV; 76/121 (62.8%) BoCV; 11/121 (9.1%) BRSV; and 8/121 (6.6%) PI3V. For nasal swabs, G-PCR (5 viruses) detected 44/114 (38.6%); q-PCR and qRT-PCR (4 viruses) detected 81/114 (71.6%); and virus isolation detected 40/114 (35.1%). Most were positive for only one or two tests, but not all three tests. Necropsy cases had positives: 5/7 G-PCR, 5/7 q-PCR and qRT-PCR, and all were positive by cell culture. In some cases, G-PCR and both real time PCR were negative for BoHV-1, BVDV, and PI3V in samples positive by culture. PCR did not differentiate field from vaccines strains of BoHV-1, BVDV, and PI3V. However based on sequencing and analysis, field and vaccine strains of culture positive BoHV-1, BVDV, and PI3V, 11/18 (61.1%) of BoHV-1 isolates, 6/17 (35.3%) BVDV isolates, and 1/10 (10.0%) PI3V identified as vaccine. BRSV was only identified by PCR testing. Interpretation of laboratory tests is appropriate as molecular based tests and virus isolation cannot separate field from vaccine strains. Additional testing using sequencing appears appropriate for identifying vaccine strains.
The study objective was to determine health and performance of ranch calves from different preconditioning strategies during a 42-d receiving period when commingled with calves of unknown health ...histories from multiple sources. Steer calves from a single source ranch (RANCH) were weaned and immediately shipped to a feedlot (WEAN, initial BW = 247 ± 29 kg); weaned on the ranch for 45 d before shipping, but did not receive any vaccinations (WEAN45, initial BW = 231 ± 26 kg); or weaned, vaccinated with modified live viral vaccine, and held on the ranch for 45 d before shipping (WEANVAC45, initial BW = 274 ± 21 kg). Multiple-source steers were purchased through auction markets (MARKET, initial BW = 238 ± 13 kg), and upon receiving, a portion of ranch-origin steers from each weaning group was commingled with a portion of MARKET cattle (COMM). The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 x 3 +1 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were RANCH vs. COMM and weaning management (WEAN vs. WEAN45 vs. WEANVAC45) as the factors; MARKET cattle served as the control. Calves of WEAN, WEAN45, and MARKET were vaccinated on arrival at the feedlot. Ranch-origin calves tended (P = 0.06) to have greater ADG than COMM or MARKET calves, although ADG was not affected (P = 0.46) by weaning management. Across the 42-d receiving period, DMI was not affected (P = 0.85) by cattle origin. However, MARKET, WEAN45, and WEANVAC45 calves consumed more (P < 0.001) DM than WEAN calves. Gain efficiency was not affected (P greater-than-or-equal 0.11) by treatment. Ranch-origin calves were less (P < 0.001) likely to be treated for bovine respiratory disease than MARKET calves; COMM calves were intermediate. Calves that were retained on the ranch after weaning (WEAN45 and WEANVAC45) were also less likely to be treated (P = 0.001) than MARKET or WEAN calves. As expected, differences in morbidity related to differences in health costs. Calves of WEAN45 and WEANVAC45 had less (P < 0.001) health costs than MARKET and WEAN calves. On arrival, serum haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in MARKET and WEAN compared with WEAN45 and WEANVAC45 calves. Calves from a single source that are retained on the ranch for 45 d after weaning exhibit less morbidity and less health costs during the receiving period at the feedyard than when cattle are commingled or trucked to the feedyard immediately after weaning.
Abstract Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) causes significant disease in cattle. Control programs in North America incorporate vaccination with modified live viral (MLV) or killed (KV) vaccine. BoHV-1 ...strains are isolated from diseased animals or fetuses after vaccination. There are markers for differentiating MLV from field strains using whole-genome sequencing and analysis identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using multiple primer sets and sequencing of products permits association of BoHV-1 isolates with vaccines. To determine association between vaccine virus and strains isolated from clinical cases following vaccination, we analyzed 12 BoHV-1 isolates from animals with various clinical syndromes; 9 corresponded to BoHV-1.1 respiratory group. The remaining three corresponded to BoHV-1.2b, typically found in genital tracts of cattle. Four BoHV-1 isolates were identical to a vaccine strain; three were from post-vaccination abortion episodes with typical herpetic lesions whose dams had received MLV vaccine during pregnancy, and one from a heifer given a related MLV vaccine; Sequences of two respiratory isolates perfectly matched mutations characterizing RLB106 strain, a temperature sensitive mutant used in intranasal and parenteral vaccines. The last three respiratory strains clearly appeared related to a group of MLV vaccines. Previously the MLV vaccines were grouped into four groups based on SNPs patterns. In contrast with above-mentioned isolates that closely matched SNP patterns of their respective MLV vaccine virus, these 3 strains both lacked some and possessed a number of additional mutations compared to a group of MLV vaccine viral genome. Finding BoHV-1.2b in respiratory cases indicates focus should be given BoHV-1.2b as an emerging virus or a virus not recognized nor fully characterized in BRD.
Abstract
We report the discovery of HAT-P-67b, which is a hot-Saturn transiting a rapidly rotating F-subgiant. HAT-P-67b has a radius of
, and orbites a
,
host star in a ∼4.81 day period orbit. We ...place an upper limit on the mass of the planet via radial velocity measurements to be
, and a lower limit of
by limitations on Roche lobe overflow. Despite being a subgiant, the host star still exhibits relatively rapid rotation, with a projected rotational velocity of
, which makes it difficult to precisely determine the mass of the planet using radial velocities. We validated HAT-P-67b via two Doppler tomographic detections of the planetary transit, which eliminate potential eclipsing binary blend scenarios. The Doppler tomographic observations also confirm that HAT-P-67b has an orbit that is aligned to within 12°, in projection, with the spin of its host star. HAT-P-67b receives strong UV irradiation and is among one of the lowest density planets known, which makes it a good candidate for future UV transit observations in the search for an extended hydrogen exosphere.
•Selected BoHV1.1 isolates from fetuses and neonates correspond to MLV vaccine strains.•Selected respiratory isolates were related, but not identical to MLV vaccines, and designated ...unclassified.•BoHV1.1 was isolated from genital tract instead of BoHV1.2b.•Potential MLV vaccine latency as vaccine strain from a fetus in a herd with no viral vaccines for at least 2 years.•Isolates from BRD cases designated “wild type” had no definite evidence of relationship to vaccine strains.
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) causes disease in cattle with varied clinical forms. In the U.S. there are two BoHV1 subtypes, BoHV-1.1 and BoHV-1.2b. Control programs in North America incorporate modified live (MLV) or killed (KV) viral vaccines. However, BoHV-1 strains continue to be isolated from diseased animals or fetuses after vaccination. It is possible to differentiate BoHV-1 wild-type from MLV vaccine strains by determining their single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) patterns through either whole-genome sequencing or PCR sequencing of genomic regions containing vaccine-defining SNPs. To determine the BoHV-1 subtype in clinical isolates and their relationship to MLV strains, 8 isolates from varied clinical disease at three different laboratories in the U.S. were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Five samples were isolated within the past 5 years from New York and 3 were archived samples recovered 35 years prior from Oklahoma and Louisiana. Based on phylogenetic analysis, four of the cases appeared to be due to an MLV vaccine: 3 cases of aborted fetuses and one neonate with systemic BoHV-1 disease. One aborted fetus was from a herd with no reported history of MLV vaccination in two years. The remaining four isolates did not group with any MLV vaccines: two were associated with bovine respiratory disease, one with vulvovaginitis, and a fourth was determined to be a BoHV-1.2b respiratory isolate. Recovery of BoHV-1.1 that is very closely related to an MLV vaccine virus from a herd not receiving vaccines in an extended period prior to its isolation suggests that MLV viruses may remain latent or circulate within herds for long periods.
Background and purpose: Statins (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors) have beneficial effects independent of reducing cholesterol synthesis and this includes their ability to acutely activate endothelial ...nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The mechanism by which this occurs is largely unknown and thus we characterized the pathways by which statins activate NOS, including involvement of scavenger receptor‐B1 (SR‐B1), which is expressed in endothelial cells and maintains cholesterol concentrations.
Experimental approach: Nitric oxide production was monitored in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) exposed to lovastatin (LOV) or pravastatin (PRA) for 10–20 min, alone or following pre‐exposure to the end product of HMG‐CoA reductase (mevalonate), G protein inhibitors (pertussis/cholera toxins), phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (U‐73122), or intracellular and extracellular calcium chelators – BAPTA‐AM and EGTA (respectively), or a function blocking antibody to SR‐B1.
Key results: Both statins increased NO production in a rapid, dose‐dependent and HMG‐CoA reductase‐independent manner. Inhibiting Gi protein or PLC almost completely blocked statin‐induced NO generation. Additionally, removing extracellular calcium inhibited statin‐induced NO production. COS‐7 cells co‐transfected with eNOS and SR‐B1 increased NO production when exposed to LOV or high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), an agonist of SR‐B1. These effects were not observed in COS‐7 cells with eNOS alone or co‐transfected with bradykinin receptor 2, indicating specificity for SR‐B1. Further, pretreatment of BAEC with blocking antibody for SR‐B1 blocked NO responses to statins and HDL.
Conclusions and implications: LOV and PRA acutely activate eNOS through pathways that include the cell surface receptor SR‐B1, Gi protein, phosholipase C and entry of extracellular calcium into endothelial cells.
We report the discovery by the HATSouth network of HATS-7b, a transiting Super-Neptune with a mass of 0.120 + or - 0.012 MsubJ, a radius of 0.563 + 0.046 - 0.034 RsubJ, and an orbital period of ...3.1853 days. The host star is a moderately bright K dwarf star with a mass of 0.849 + or - 0.027 MsubS, a radius of 0.815 + 0.049 - 0.035 RsubS, and a metallicity of Fe/H= +0.250 + or - 0.080. HATS-7b, which, together with the recently discovered HATS-8b, is one of the first two transiting Neptunes discovered in the Southern sky, is a prime target for additional follow-up observations with southern hemisphere facilities to characterize the atmospheres of super-Neptunes.
Abstract
We report the discovery by the HATNet survey of HAT-TR-318-007, a
period detached double-lined M dwarf binary with total secondary eclipses. We combine radial velocity (RV) measurements from ...TRES/FLWO 1.5 m and time-series photometry from HATNet, FLWO 1.2 m, BOS 0.8 m, and NASA
K2
Campaign 5, to determine the masses and radii of the component stars:
,
,
, and
. We obtained a FIRE/Magellan near-infrared spectrum of the primary star during a total secondary eclipse, and we use this to obtain disentangled spectra of both components. We determine spectral types of
and
and effective temperatures of
and
for the primary and secondary star, respectively. We also measure a metallicity of Fe/H
for the system. We find that the system has a small, but significant, nonzero eccentricity of
. The
K2
light curve shows a coherent variation at a period of
days, which is slightly longer than the orbital period, and which we demonstrate comes from the primary star. We interpret this as the rotation period of the primary. We perform a quantitative comparison between the Dartmouth stellar evolution models and the seven systems, including HAT-TR-318-007, that contain M dwarfs with
, have metallicity measurements, and have masses and radii determined to better than 5% precision. Discrepancies between the predicted and observed masses and radii are found for three of the systems.
Remote rumen temperature monitoring is a potential method for early disease detection in beef cattle. This experiment was conducted to determine if remotely monitored rumen temperature boluses could ...detect a temperature change in steers exposed to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and challenged with a common bovine respiratory disease pathogen, Mannheimia haemolytica (MH). Twenty-four Angus crossbred steers (BW = 313 ± 31 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) no challenge (control); 2) challenge by a 72-h exposure to 2 steers persistently infected with BVDV; 3) bacterial challenge with MH; and 4) viral challenge by a 72-h exposure to 2 steers persistently infected with BVDV followed by bacterial challenge with MH (BVDV + MH). Remotely monitored rumen temperature boluses programmed to transmit temperature every minute were placed in the rumen before the time of exposure to steers persistently infected with BVDV. Rectal temperatures were taken before MH challenge (0) and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after MH challenge. Rumen temperatures were recorded 3 d before (-72 h; period of BVDV exposure) through 14 d after (336 h) MH challenge. Rumen temperatures were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and a first-order autoregressive covariance structure for repeated measures. A treatment x day interaction was observed for average daily rumen temperature (P < 0.01). A treatment difference (P < 0.01) was observed on d 0, when MH-challenged steers had greater rumen temperatures than steers not challenged with MH. There was no BVDV x day interaction (P > 0.01). Rumen temperatures averaged every 2 h resulted in a BVDV x hour interaction (P < 0.01) and an MH x hour interaction (P < 0.01). The BVDV x hour differences occurred at h -18 to -14, 40 to 46, 110, 122, and 144 to 146 (P < 0.01). The MH x hour difference occurred at h 4 to 24 (P < 0.01). Maximum rumen temperature was increased (P < 0.01) for BVDV (0.8°C), MH (1.2°C), and BVDV + MH (1.3°C) compared with the control. On average, rumen temperatures measured by the boluses at the same time points as the rectal temperatures were 0.13°C less than rectal temperatures, and the 2 body temperatures were highly correlated (r = 0.89). Rumen temperature boluses appear to have potential as a tool for detecting temperature changes associated with adverse health events such as exposure to bovine respiratory disease and BVDV.
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