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Has women's presence on company boards and in other top management positions improved? And in which countries and types of organization has most progress towards gender parity been made? This ...book provides an international comparative analysis of the trends and evaluates gender equality policy developments, including those focused on corporate governance, such as the use of gender quotas for board membership. It includes detailed analysis using new data from eight European countries strategically selected because of their different policy frameworks and trajectories with regard to welfare, employment and promoting gender equality: Norway, Sweden, Finland, the UK, France, Spain, Hungary and Slovenia. Developments in women's presence in top management jobs are considered in relation to the broader gender structuring of the labour market and political life. Policy debates and developments to redress women's under-representation in this arena are examined and evaluated and theoretically informed explanations are advanced, which emphasize the influence of national institutional settings and policy regimes, over and above market forces, even at this elite level of the employment hierarchy.
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This book provides a cross-national European comparative analysis of the presence–and absence–of women on company boards and in top management positions
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This book examines the international trends and associated developments in gender equality policy including corporate governance such as gender quotas. International comparative analysis is combined with detailed analysis of eight European countries with different policy regimes and trajectories.
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'Overall, this work is an informative and excellent starting point for anyone who would like to know where Europe and European countries stand with regard to the feminization of top decision-making positions within companies. I found this book very stimulating as it seems to be sparking new research avenues.' - Aline Conchon, ETUI, Transfer
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COLETTE FAGAN Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the European Work and Employment Research Centre, University of Manchester UK. She advises the European Commission on gender equality policy as a member of its academic Expert Group on Gender and Employment EGGE. MARÍA GONZÁLEZ MENÉNDEZ Senior Lecturer of Sociology at the University of Oviedo, Spain. She has published research in the areas of workers' participation, flexible work practices and human resource management. SILVIA GÓMEZ-ANSÓN Associate Professor of Finance and Accountancy, University of Oviedo, Spain. She has published research in the areas of corporate finance and governance, family firms and privatizations.
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Analyzes trends in women's access to top management jobs and corporate boards International comparative analysis of developments across 8 European countries including Norway, Sweden, Finland, the UK, Spain, France, Slovenia and Hungary Explores women's presence in top management jobs in relation to the broader gender structuring of labour markets and political life
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List of Tables List of Figures List of Boxes Series Preface Funding Reference Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction; M.González Menéndez, C.Fagan and S.Gómez Ansón Women on European Boards; S.Gómez Ansón The Women on Boards in Europe Project: Aims, Methodology and Limitations; M.González Menéndez & L.Martínez González Gender Quotas for Corporate Boards in Norway – Innovative Gender Equality Policy; M.Teigen Surge Under Threat – The Rapid Increase in Women on Swedish Boards of Directors; L.Bohman , M.Bygren & C.Edling Individual Competence and Official Support: Women on Boards in Finland; P.Korvajarvi Women's Representation on the Boards of UK Listed Companies; N.Teasdale , C.Fagan & C.Shepherd Women in Top Management in France: Still Waiting for Change; M.Smith , P.Srinivasan & K.Zhuk Women on Boards of Spanish Listed Companies; M.González Menéndez & L.Martínez González New and Persisting Barriers for Younger Generations of Women in Management in Slovenia; A.Mr?ela , B.Lužar & S.Šmuc Women in Management – The Hungarian Case; B.Nagy Conclusions; C.Fagan& M.González Menéndez Bibliography Index
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women worldwide. It is classified into intrinsic subtypes characterized by different molecular profiles and prognosis. The prevalence of the different ...intrinsic subtypes varies between population groups. IHC surrogates based on the expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 have been widely used to study the distribution of intrinsic subtypes in non-Hispanic whites and African Americans, but data are limited for Hispanic/Latina women. Similarly, most studies analyzing gene expression profiles only include women of European descent. This review focuses on studies that describe the distribution of breast cancer subtypes in Hispanic/Latina women and highlights the need for more research in this population.
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Breast cancer health disparities are linked to clinical-pathological determinants, socioeconomic inequities, and biological factors such as genetic ancestry. These factors collectively interact in ...complex ways, influencing disease behavior, especially among highly admixed populations like Colombians. In this study, we assessed contributing factors to breast cancer health disparities according to genetic ancestry in Colombian patients from a national cancer reference center. We collected non-tumoral paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks from 361 women diagnosed with breast cancer at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to estimate genetic ancestry using a 106-ancestry informative marker (AIM) panel. Differences in European, Indigenous American (IA) and African ancestry fractions were analyzed according to potential sources of breast cancer health disparities, like etiology, tumor-biology, treatment administration, and socioeconomic-related factors using a Kruskal–Wallis test. Our analysis revealed a significantly higher IA ancestry among overweight patients with larger tumors and those covered by a subsidized health insurance. Conversely, we found a significantly higher European ancestry among patients with smaller tumors, residing in middle-income households, and affiliated to the contributory health regime, whereas a higher median of African ancestry was observed among patients with either a clinical, pathological, or stable response to neoadjuvant treatment. Altogether, our results suggest that the genetic legacy among Colombian patients, measured as genetic ancestry fractions, may be reflected in many of the clinical-pathological variables and socioeconomic factors that end up contributing to health disparities for this disease.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hispanic/Latino populations are a genetically admixed and heterogeneous group, with variable fractions of European, Indigenous American and African ancestries. The molecular profile of breast cancer ...has been widely described in non-Hispanic Whites but equivalent knowledge is lacking in Hispanic/Latinas. We have previously reported that the most prevalent breast cancer intrinsic subtype in Colombian women was Luminal B as defined by St. Gallen 2013 criteria. In this study we explored ancestry-associated differences in molecular profiles of Luminal B tumors among these highly admixed women.
We performed whole-transcriptome RNA-seq analysis in 42 Luminal tumors (21 Luminal A and 21 Luminal B) from Colombian women. Genetic ancestry was estimated from a panel of 80 ancestry-informative markers (AIM). We categorized patients according to Luminal subtype and to the proportion of European and Indigenous American ancestry and performed differential expression analysis comparing Luminal B against Luminal A tumors according to the assigned ancestry groups.
We found 5 genes potentially modulated by genetic ancestry: ERBB2 (log2FC = 2.367, padj<0.01), GRB7 (log2FC = 2.327, padj<0.01), GSDMB (log2FC = 1.723, padj<0.01, MIEN1 (log2FC = 2.195, padj<0.01 and ONECUT2 (log2FC = 2.204, padj<0.01). In the replication set we found a statistical significant association between ERBB2 expression with Indigenous American ancestry (p = 0.02, B = 3.11). This association was not biased by the distribution of HER2+ tumors among the groups analyzed.
Our results suggest that genetic ancestry in Hispanic/Latina women might modify ERBB2 gene expression in Luminal tumors. Further analyses are needed to confirm these findings and explore their prognostic value.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We report the spin dynamic properties of non‐substituted ferrocenium complexes. Ferrocenium shows a field‐induced single‐molecule magnet behaviour in DMF solution while cobaltocene lacks slow spin ...relaxation neither in powder nor in solution. Multireference quantum mechanical calculations give a non‐Aufbau orbital occupation for ferrocenium with small first excitation energy that agrees with the relatively large measured magnetic anisotropy for a transition metal S=1/2 system. The analysis of the spin relaxation shows an important participation of quantum tunnelling, Raman, direct and local‐mode mechanisms which depend on temperature and the external field conditions. The calculation of spin‐phonon coupling constants for the vibrational modes shows that the first vibrational mode, despite having a low spin‐phonon constant, is the most efficient process for the spin relaxation at low temperatures. In such conditions, vibrational modes with higher spin‐phonon coupling constants are not populated. Additionally, the vibrational energy of this first mode is in excellent agreement with the experimental fitted value obtained from the local‐mode mechanism.
Ferrocenium complexes show slow spin relaxation due to an unusual non‐Aufbau orbital occupation. An external field is required for such behavior but magnetic dilution results in a considerable decrease of the field required. The energy of the first calculated vibrational mode agrees with the fitted value obtained from the local‐mode contribution of the experimental spin relaxation times.
We present the synthesis, photophysical properties, and biological application of nontoxic 3-azo-conjugated BODIPY dyes as masked fluorescent biosensors of hypoxia-like conditions. The synthetic ...methodology is based on an operationally simple NN bond-forming protocol, followed by a Suzuki coupling, that allows for a direct access to simple and underexplored 3-azo-substituted BODIPY. These dyes can turn on their emission properties under both chemical and biological reductive conditions, including bacterial and human azoreductases, which trigger the azo bond cleavage, leading to fluorescent 3-amino-BODIPY. We have also developed a practical enzymatic protocol, using an immobilized bacterial azoreductase that allows for the evaluation of these azo-based probes and can be used as a model for the less accessible and expensive human reductase NQO1. Quantum mechanical calculations uncover the restructuration of the topography of the S1 potential energy surface following the reduction of the azo moiety and rationalize the fluorescent quenching event through the mapping of an unprecedented pathway. Fluorescent microscopy experiments show that these azos can be used to visualize hypoxia-like conditions within living cells.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Latina women. Although they have a lower incidence of the disease when compared with other population groups such as non-Hispanic white and African-American ...women, some studies have shown that Latina women have a higher risk of mortality when compared with non-Hispanic white women. This phenomenon can be explained in part by the higher prevalence of aggressive subtypes in Latina women, particularly the triple negative. Such differences in breast cancer-intrinsic subtype distribution between population groups might be a consequence of a variety of risk factors differentially present among population groups. Here, we provide a full description of risk factors that might be associated with the high prevalence of the triple-negative subtype in Latina women. We assessed demographic (socioeconomic status), modifiable (reproductive patterns, obesity, and physical activity), and nonmodifiable (family history, germline
mutations, and genetic ancestry) risk factors. The observed inconsistencies among different epidemiologic studies in Latinas warrant further research focused on breast cancer subtype-specific risk factors in this population.
A pair of related dinuclear lanthanide compounds, viz., Dy(tmhd)
(bptz) (1) and {Cp
Co}{Dy(tmhd)
(bptz)} (2) (tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptane dionate; bptz = ...3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) are reported. These molecules represent the first study of rare earth ions in which an organic ligand bridged species is isolated in both the neutral and radical anion forms. Both compounds exhibit out-of-phase signals below 4 K. The radical compound is highly air stable, with minimal changes in magnetic behavior after exposure to the atmosphere for two weeks.
Single-molecule magnets (SMMs), are regarded as excellent nanomaterials for high-density information storage and quantum computing. The local symmetry of the crystal field for the metal ion plays an ...important role in pursuing a high-performance SMM. Herein, two highly stable distorted hexagonal bipyramidal (quasi-D 6h ) Dy complexes exhibiting slow relaxation of the magnetization are reported. A hexagonal bipyramidal Dy model complex with 18-crown-6 was also designed to study the relationship between magnetic anisotropy and symmetry. The combined experimental and theoretical results indicate that quantum tunneling is highly dependent on the local symmetries of the crystal field. The magnetic anisotropy becomes much stronger when the symmetry is closer to a standard D 6h geometry. These results support the conclusion that the hexagonal bipyramidal geometry is a viable one for the design of new classes of SMMs.
Organic sludge, the principal residual product from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), is one of the main environmental and logistical challenges associated with aquaculture production. ...Polychaetes have been described as potential remediating organisms of aquaculture sludge due to its ability to survive in organic enrichment conditions and its capability to assimilate particulate organic waste from intensive aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal performance of Abarenicola pusilla (Quatrefages, 1866) when fed with organic sludge from a marine RAS. Experiments consisted of the addition of fish sludge (0.5, 2.0, 4.0 and 10.0% respect total inert sediment) at different densities of A. pusilla (60, 75, 150 and 200 organisms m−2), with 3 replicates each, and during 45 days. The highest removal rate of total organic matter (85.37%; 35.77 ± 0.05 g m−2 day−1), total N (33.63 ± 0.003 mg day−1) and total C (236.78 ± 0.003 mg day−1) were obtained with 10% of sludge and 200 organisms m−2. Assimilation was corroborated by obtaining significant increase (p < .05) in total carbon (24.75%), organic carbon (24.68%) and lipid content (0.65%) in the biomass of organisms. Highest specific growth rate achieved by A. pusilla was 3.06% day−1 and the highest survival was 91.67% over the 45 days trial period. These results indicated that A. pusilla could be used as remediating species of organic compounds contained in marine aquaculture sludge. The results also suggest that A. pusilla is a potential candidate for nutrient recycling from marine aquaculture systems on land. Further studies should determine the possible changes in the fatty acid profile of A. pusilla in order to use it in aquaculture feeds.
•The removal performance of an Abarenicola species was evaluated for the first time in a marine RAS effluent.•A. pusilla decreased the 85.37% of the TOM content in the sludge (45 days) obtaining assimilation of organic compounds.•There is a potential use of the generated biomass as a valuable product in aquaculture feeds.
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