Forest fires and post‐fire practices influence sediment connectivity (SC). In this study, we use the ‘aggregated index of connectivity’ (AIC) to assess SC in five Mediterranean catchments (198–1090 ...ha) affected by a wildfire in 2012 in south‐eastern Spain. Two temporal scenarios were considered, immediately after the fire and before post‐fire management, and 2 years after the fire including all practices (hillslope barriers, check‐dams, afforestation, salvage logging and skid trails). One LiDAR (light detection and ranging)‐derived digital elevation model (DEM, 2 m × 2 m resolution) was generated, per scenario. The five catchment outlets were established as the computation target (AICOUT), and structural and functional SC were calculated. Index outputs were normalized to make the results of the non‐nested catchments comparable (AICN‐OUT). The output analysis includes the SC distribution along the catchments and at local scale (929 sub‐catchments, 677 in the burned area), the hillslope and channel measures' effect on SC, and a sedimentological analysis using observed area‐specific sediment yield (SSY) at 10 new (built after post‐fire practices) concrete check‐dams located in the catchments (SSY = 1.94 Mg ha−1 yr−1; σ = 1.22). The catchments with more circular shapes and steeper slopes were those with higher AICN‐OUT. The structural SC maps – removing the rainfall erosivity influence – allowed evaluating the actual role played by the post‐fire practices that reduced SC (
x¯= − 1.19%; σ = 0.41); while functional SC was linked to the actual change of SC (
x¯= + 5.32%; σ = 0.62). Hillslope treatments resulted in significant changes on AICN‐OUT at sub‐catchment scale with certain disconnectivity. A good and positive correlation was found between the SSY and the changes of AICN‐OUT. However, the coarse DEM resolution explained the lack of effect of the rock check‐dams – located on the secondary channels – on AICN‐OUT. AICN‐OUT proved to be a useful tool for decision making in post‐fire restoration, but an optimal input data is still necessary to refine calculations.
Sediment connectivity has been studied in a burned area in two temporal scenarios, Pre‐management scenario (AIC 2012; just after wildfire) and post‐management (AIC 2014; after the application of post‐fire mitigation measures). The AIC index was calculated for 5 catchments with a structural and a functional approach. Differences between scenarios and approaches were observed and a positive relationship between the temporal AIC changes and the Specific sediment yield (SSY) measured in the catchments.
Identifying the most vulnerable plastics and monitoring their deterioration is one of the main problems within heritage collections with historical synthetic polymers. Gathering and interpreting data ...about material and degradation phenomena in a collection reveals its conservation needs. A systematic survey of the collection can help towards this purpose. Surveys aiming at inspecting and documenting damages rely on several tools in order to fulfill their purpose. Firstly, objective descriptions of the damages that may appear, and secondly, the means of acquiring and interpreting material information. To address these needs, this article presents (a) a visual damage catalogue of degradation phenomena in plastic and rubber materials, and (b) the implementation of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) for the identification of analytically challenging rubber materials and of blooming phenomena. The damage catalogue is based solely on visual and olfactory signs, so that the assessment is independent of possible causes of damages and underlying processes, with the purpose of allowing objectivity to prime over interpretation. The limitations of the use of FTIR in the identification of heavily compounded rubbers in museum surveys is highlighted, and examples are presented. The use of py-GCMS on these cases conveniently allowed the identification of the constituting monomers of several rubber materials where FTIR could not provide a univocal classification of the material present. The study of several cases of blooming allowed the identification of diverse compositions and origins, showing that the description of a degradation phenomenon is only the first step towards its understanding. Unveiling the nature of a particular case of blooming is particularly critical when conservation treatments, such as the removal of a (potentially protecting) layer, are planned. For this purpose, attenuated total reflection-FTIR (ATR-FTIR) as a surface technique was particularly useful.
En este trabajo abordaremos la forma en la que se gestionan las actividades de imagen (cortesía, descortesía y autoimagen) en los comentarios de los foros de los diarios ABC, El Mundo y El País a ...raíz de las informaciones publicadas en estos medios en enero de 2020 sobre la reacción de la entonces vicepresidenta primera del Gobierno de España, Carmen Calvo, acerca del informe de la Real Academia Española (RAE) sobre el lenguaje inclusivo. El análisis ofrece datos sobre el modo en que los comentaristas gestionan su imagen mediante estas actividades, con especial hincapié en las actividades descorteses y de autoimagen, y el modo el que en tales comentarios se reflejan cuestiones relacionadas con la percepción del lenguaje inclusivo y su presencia en la agenda política.
Abstract
Shoes with polyester urethane soles have been stored for 3 decades in a museum environment after several months of mining use. Upon observation of sole material ageing under natural ...conditions, the shoes were laboratory stored since 2017 in order to evidence and follow signs of polyester urethane degradation. This study aims at characterizing a complex degradation material found on several shoes of the museum’s collection. Combining chemical composition analysis (EDX), mass spectroscopy (EGA-MS, py-GCMS) and vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and IR), results evidence the presence of iron carboxylates in different coordination modes. This study highlights the formation of a hitherto unknown degradation material of polyester urethane: an organometallic complex with iron ions coordinated with carboxylic rests of polyester polyol chains. The compound arises from the interaction between iron ions from the corrosion of structural metallic elements of the sole, and the polyester polyol fragments from the hydrolysis of the polyester urethane.
The aim of this article is to analyze journalistic texts on migratory movements appeared on the main newspapers of Spanish-speaking countries along 2017. The focus is put on the subjects that the ...newspapers highlight, the regions selected and the linguistics elections being made. The research has a multidisciplinary approach that uses the concept of representation, as being used in linguistics pragmatics and cultural anthropology. We use the database Factiva® as the starting point to collect the journalistic pieces that we use for our analysis. The search has been refined using linguistic, contextual, geographic and chronological criteria. Two sub-corpora have been built with the texts obtained through the search. One focuses strictly on Spanish press and the second one is related to the Hispanic area (seven newspapers have been chosen to build this corpus, and each one of them represents one of the seven ample dialectal areas of Spanish language). The qualitative analysis is based on the key words of each of these sub-corpora; such key words are stablished from a text-mining technique that offers the most relevant words and sentences of the first 100 texts obtained through every specific search.
With the occasion of the exhibition Fatti come nuovi (20 October 1985-12 January 1986), where the most prominent artworks of the Poldi Pezzoli Museum in Milan were shown after restoration, a ...multidisciplinary project was launched between the Museum and the Italian Montedison group. This project aimed at evaluating several conservation products used at the time in ceramic and glass conservation, such as adhesives and retouching varnishes. In the frame of the project, two-component epoxy adhesives (Plastogen® EP, HXTAL NYL-1), acrylates (Paraloid® B-72, Plastogen® G), vinyl acetate dispersions (Vinavil®, Arkolyn), a polyester resin and cellulose nitrate adhesives (HMG, AGO® Goldsiegel) were studied in terms of their mechanical properties and colour change upon artificial ageing by UV-VIS radiation. Since then, the samples were kept in the dark. Almost 30 years later, the samples have been re-evaluated for changes in solubility and colour upon natural ageing.
Este trabajo, de carácter exploratorio, descriptivo e interpretativo, estudia las actividades de imagen presentes en un conjunto de cartas electorales enviadas por los principales partidos políticos ...españoles a los ciudadanos de ese país entre 2004 y 2019; concretamente, las cartas electorales relativas a las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo celebradas en 2004, 2009, 2014 y 2019. Las cartas electorales constituyen una parte del discurso político escrito (Anaya Revuelta, 2018) en las que el candidato a unas elecciones (en ocasiones, acompañado en la misma misiva, o en otra diferente -pero que forma parte del mismo envío-por otro texto del secretario general o el presidente de su partido) se dirige a los potenciales votantes con un discurso persuasivo, orientado a conseguir su voto. En este contexto, las actividades que se llevan a cabo son principalmente de autoimagen, si bien es posible encontrar también actividades de cortesía (hacia los lectores) y críticas hacia otros partidos políticos -u otros actores sociales-que se enmarcan en una descortesía muchas veces carente de identificación del sujeto concreto al que se dirige y que, en ese sentido, entendemos como
. Este trabajo pone de manifiesto tales actividades (y, por ende, el modo en el que se construye la imagen de los candidatos), mediante el análisis y comparación de estas cartas, no solo de manera sincrónica (las cartas que se envían desde distintos partidos para unas mismas elecciones) sino también, cuando es posible, de manera diacrónica (las cartas que un mismo partido envía a sus potenciales electores a lo largo del tiempo). Creemos que todavía no hay ningún trabajo que haya analizado este tipo de textos desde la perspectiva aquí planteada, por lo que consideramos que es un estudio que, además de original, puede abrir camino a otros investigadores que deseen realizar análisis similares o con los que establecer comparaciones.
Wildfires completely remove the vegetal cover, affect plant diversity and promote soil erosion in the forest ecosystems. Reforestation is essential to recover these important forest components, also ...in view of the forecasted climate change. Clear indications about suitable soil preparation techniques and a cautious choice of the planted species for successful reforestation actions are needed by forest managers. To improve this knowledge, this study, carried out seven years after a wildfire in a forest area of Central-Eastern Spain, evaluates: i) the short-term effectiveness of a post-fire reforestation work on growth and diversity of planted species, using ten types of shrubs and two soil preparation techniques (machinery planting spot, MPS, and linear subsoiling, LS); ii) the short-term effects of MPS and LS techniques on naturally regenerated plants. In the reforestation work, four of the ten planted species (Pistacia lentiscus L., O. europaea var. sylvestris L., Rhamnus lycioides L., Rosmarinus officinalis L.) showed the highest survival rate, while all individuals of E. fragilis Desf., Arbutus unedo L., Viburnum tinus L., and P. angustifolia L. were dead. Our results showed that P. lentiscus L. and O. europaea var. sylvestris were the species with the highest abundance in the soils treated with MPS and LS, respectively. In relation to naturally regenerated plants, higher number and height of plants were found in areas treated with LS. Both soil treatments influenced the plant diversity, although the species richness decreased in the treated soils compared to the burned and not treated areas. Overall, this study suggests that P. lentiscus appears as the most suitable reforestation species under the experimental conditions. Moreover, soil preparation is not ideal for reforestation after a wildfire, due to the lower regeneration, survival, and species richness found in treated plots in comparison to the burned and not treated areas.
This contribution studies Spanish-Italian interference appearing in Expreso Latino, a newspaper for Latino immigrants broadly distributed in Italy, which offers interesting examples of two closely ...related languages in contact. The data constitute a field for the study of more general aspects related to intercultural communication.
En agosto de 2020, concretamente entre los días 7 y 12 de ese mes, Daniel Gascón, escritor, director en España de la revista Letras libres y columnista del diario El País, publicaba en este último ...medio una serie de seis relatos sobre las aventuras de Enrique Notivol, el protagonista de su novela Un hipster en la España vacía, publicada en junio de 2020 por la editorial Random House. En este trabajo analizaremos desde la perspectiva del análisis del discurso esos seis relatos, seis columnas literarias, con el objetivo de desentrañar algunos de los mecanismos lingüísticos que ponen de manifiesto su sentido humorístico (entre los que se incluyen también referencias explícitas a conceptos lingüísticos), así como los registros empleados por los distintos personajes que aparecen y que contribuyen a caracterizarlos, para llevar a cabo una reflexión sobre determinados imaginarios lingüísticos y el modo en el que estos pueden aparecer en la prensa.
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