On October 30, 2020, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 (Mw) struck the northern coast of Samos Island in the Kuşadası Gulf. The solution to the focal mechanism indicates that the earthquake of 30 ...October 2020 occurred on a normal fault with nodal planes of E-W strike; thus, indicating extension in N-S direction. The fault plane solutions show a N-S trending extension for normal faults, which are obtained by inverting the moment tensor waveforms of 23 earthquakes and the P-wave first motion polarities of 11 aftershocks. A normal fault stress regime of approximately N-S (N6°E) σ3 axis is given by the inversion of slip vectors measured at sites located on land in Kuşadası. The mean R value is 0.84, suggesting that the stress regime is triaxial extensional stress state. The inversion of the focal mechanism of earthquakes occurring on land and in the Gulf of Kuşadası describes an extensional stress regime active today, characterized by an approximately N-S (N9°E) σ3 axis. The calculated R value of 0.31 indicates a triaxial stress state. For the 30 October 2020 earthquake (Mw:6.8), the Coulomb failure stress change analysis shows a substantial reduction in stress in the N-S direction supporting the kinematic results. The N-S extension in Western Anatolia-Aegean is largely influenced by the relatively fast movement of the Hellenic trench southwards, related to the sinking of the African plate beneath Aegean.
•The Samos Earthquake (M:6.8) of 30 October 2020 shows N-S extensional regime character.•This tectonic regime contributes to the development of the E-W gulfs on the coast of the Aegean.•The N-S extension is due to the relative rapid motion of the Hellenic trench towards the south.•The high rate of movement towards the Hellenic trench is related to the roll-back of African slab.
•Central Anatolia is under the influence of shear stress.•Large earthquakes in the south transferred stress to Central Anatolia.•Failures on the ground are detected with remote sensing and magnetic ...derivatives.•The faulting mechanism in Central Anatolia can be described by wrench tectonic.
The study area, where volcanism and tectonism are active at the same time, consists of the Cappadocia Volcanic Complex (CVC) in the middle, Tuzgölü on the west side, and Ecemiş fault systems on the east side. Remote sensing image processing method and derivation to aeromagnetic data were applied to identify the structural lineations that tectonically control the study area within the scope of the study. As a result of the lineation analysis performed in the west of the study area, 167 lineaments in the west, most of which are NW oriented, and 316 lineaments, most of which are NE oriented, were determined in the east. These findings are in agreement with the known fault orientations in the area. It is known that earthquakes greater than M > 4 occurred in these known faults during the neotectonics period, and they also have the potential to produce M > 6 earthquakes. In addition, the Tuzgölü and Ecemiş Faults' shearing effect relative to each other is an indication that a wrench tectonics mechanism has developed in the study area. With the remote sensing study and following the existing surface traces, two fault systems in opposite directions, the Tuzgölü Fault (−30°) dipping counterclockwise and the Ecemiş Fault, clockwise (60°) dipping, were determined. The orientation and locations of the faults could be determined by tilt transformation applied to the magnetic anomaly map of the study area. In particular, the effects of wrenching in the study area can be clearly observed in magnetic anomalies.
The Eskişehir Fault is an active right-lateral widespread intra-continental deformation zone which separates central western Anatolia from the Aegean domain. The inversion of fault slip vectors along ...the Eskişehir Fault yields a strike-slip stress state with NW-trending σHmax (σ1) and NE-trending σHmin (σ3) axes since the Early Pliocene. A change in strike-slip faulting under a compressional stress regime: from old transpression to young transtension, probably occurred in the Quaternary. The inversion of the earthquake source mechanism indicates that the transtensional stress regime continues up to the present. The İnönü and Eskişehir Basins developed under the transtensional stress regime producing consistent and local normal faulting with a continuing NE-trending σHmin (σ3). The stress regime change resulted in a decrease in σHmax (σ1) and/or an increase in σHmin (σ3) stress magnitudes due to coeval influence of the superimposed plate forces and the interaction of three plates (Eurasian/African/Arabian): (1) continental collision of Eurasian/Arabian plates with Anatolian block in the east, (2) westward escape of the Anatolian block by anticlockwise rotation at the west-southwest border of the Eurasian and Arabian/African plates and (3) a complex subduction process between African and Eurasian plates along the Aegean (Hellenic) and the Cyprus arcs which favors western extrusion of the Anatolian block in the eastern Mediterranean region.
•Late Cenozoic to present day stress states by inversion and kinematic analysis of the fault-slip vectors and earthquakes.•A temporal and spatial tectonic regime change in strike slip faulting from transpressional to transtensional due to increase and/or decrease of stress magnitudes (Sigma 1, 2 and 3).•Lateral extrusion and anticlockwise block rotation of Anatolian block to westward from Eurasian/Arabian continental collision in eastern Anatolia.•A complex interaction (roll-back, slab-pull and/or slab break-off) to Eurasian/African plate convergence in eastern Mediterranean.•The active Eskişehir Fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault presented in a transtensional tectonic regime in present day.
This study was performed with the aim of revealing the Late Cenozoic stress state of the Gulf of Güllük and close surroundings. In this study, the tectonic regime and stress states from the Pliocene ...to the present day were determined. Mesoscopic fault plane data were collected from outcrops at 19 different stations in the region between the Gulf of Güllük and Milas. Additionally, focal mechanism inverse solutions were calculated for 12 earthquakes larger than M:3.0 occurring from 2004 to 2015 to reveal the current tectonic regime. According to kinematic analysis results from fault assemblages and focal mechanism solutions for earthquakes, two tectonic regimes affected the region before the Pliocene and at present. In the first tectonic regime, strike-slip faulting developed under a NW-SE oriented compressional regime. There was an R ratio of 0.426 between the principal stress axes and this shows faulting had transtensional character. The region converted to a NE-SW oriented extensional regime dominated by normal faulting in the Quaternary. This currently effective extensional regime was understood from focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes developing in the region. The reason for this regime being effective is the rapid pull by the African plate on the Anatolian plate, which rides above the African plate, and horizontal extension in the Anatolian plate.
Bu çalışmada; toplam 7 segmentten oluşan Simav Fay Zonu’nun Sındırgı Segmenti ile bu fayın kuzeyinde yer alan Düvertepe Fay Zonu ve civarının kinematik ve sismotektonik özellikleri incelenmiştir. 21 ...istasyondan, toplam 160 fay düzleminden oluşan kinematik analiz sonuçları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, belirlenen 4 farklı tektonik rejim yaşlıdan gence doğru sırasıyla; (i) transtansiyonel özellik sunan (SS1a), (σ1)=231°/20°, (σ3)=297°/24°, Rm=0.340 olarak hesaplanan ve sıkışmanın (σ1)=K51°D olduğu, (ii) normal faylarla temsil edilen (SS1b), (σ3)=312°/11° olarak hesaplanan ve genişleme yönünün (σ3)=K48°B olduğu, (iii) transpresyonel özellik sunan (SS2), (σ1)=301°/15°, (σ3)=237°/17°, Rm=0.612 olarak hesaplanan ve sıkışmanın (σ1)=K59°B olduğu (iv) en genç tektonik rejim türü olan, normal faylarla temsil edilen (SS3), (σ3)=233°/8° olarak hesaplanan ve genişleme yönünün (σ3)=K53°D olduğu rejimdir. Bu rejim türleri (deformasyon evreleri) birbirinde ayırt edilirken; kinematik analiz sonucundan elde edilen asal gerilme eksenlerinin yönleri, asal gerilme eksenleri arasındaki oranlar, sahada birbirini üzerleyen fay düzlemi verileri, birbirini kesen fay-atım verileri, sahadaki orta-büyük ölçekli yapılar, benzer ve aynı yaştaki sahalarla yapılan karşılaştırmalar, Batı Anadolu’nun jeodinamik evrimi, bu konuda yapılmış olan benzer çalışmalarla yapılan karşılaştırmalar kullanılmıştır. En genç tektonik rejim türü olan SS3’ün, günümüzde etkin olduğunun bir diğer kanıtı ise, son yıllarda meydana gelen depremlerin odak (faylanma) mekanizması çözümleridir. Çalışma alanında meydana gelen 12 depremin odak mekanizması çözümlerine göre, (σ3)=211°/2°, bölgedeki genişleme yönünün (σ3)=K31°D olduğu şeklindedir. Bu veri, günümüzde KKD-GGB yönünde bir genişleme rejiminin baskın olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum, günümüzde Batı Anadolu’da etkin olan genişleme rejiminin yönleriyle de uyum içindedir.
In this study; Sındırgı Segment of the Simav Fault Zone consisting of 7 segments and Düvertepe Fault Zone and its vicinity located to the north of this fault, Its kinematic and seismotectonic properties have been studied.From 21 stations, kinematic analysis results for a total of 160 fault planes were assessed together and 4 different tectonic regimes were determined from older to younger as; (i) (SS1a) with transtensional features, (σ1)=231°/20°, (σ3)=297°/24°, Rm=0.340 calculated and compression (σ1)=N51°E regime; (ii) (SS1b) with normal faulting ( (σ3)=312°/11° calculated and extensional direction (σ3)=N48°W regime; (iii) (SS2) with transpressional features (σ1)=301°/15°, (σ3)=237°/17°, Rm=0.612 calculated and compression (σ1)=N59°W regime; and (iv) the youngest tectonic regime observed in the study area represented by normal faulting (SS3), (σ3)=233°/8° calculated and extension direction (σ3)=N53°E regime. While these tectonic regime types (deformation phases) are distinguished from each other; the directions of the principal stress axes obtained from the kinematic analysis result, ratios between principal stress axes, fault plane data overlapping each other in the field, intersecting fault-slip data, medium to large scale structures on the field, comparisons with similar and same age fields, geodynamic evolution of Western Anatolia, comparisons made with similar studies on this subject used. Further evidence that the youngest tectonic regime of SS3 is currently effective is the focal mechanism solutions for earthquakes occurring in recent years. According to focal mechanism solutions for 12 earthquakes occurring in the study area (σ3)=211°/2°, with the extensional direction in the region (σ3)=N31°E. This data shows an extensional regime in NNE-SSW orientation is dominant currently. This situation complies with the extensional regime currently effective in W-SW Anatolia
Çanakkale Savaşı veya Çanakkale Muharebeleri, I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında 1915–1916 yılları arasında Gelibolu Yarımadası'nda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile İtilaf Devletleri arasında yapılan deniz ve kara ...muharebeleridir. İtilaf Devletleri; Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti İstanbul'u alarak İstanbul ve Çanakkale boğazlarının kontrolünü ele geçirmek, Rusya'yla güvenli bir erzak tedarik ve askeri ikmal yolu açmak, başkent İstanbul′u zapt etmek suretiyle Almanya′nın müttefiklerinden birini savaş dışı bırakarak İttifak Devletlerini zayıflatmak amaçları ile ilk hedef olarak Çanakkale Boğazı'nı seçmişlerdir. Ancak saldırıları başarısız olmuş ve geri çekilmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Kara ve deniz savaşı sonucunda iki taraf da çok ağır kayıplar vermiştir. Dünyanın en kanlı ve yoğun çarpışmalarının yaşandığı cephelerde, özellikle İtilaf Devletlerinin kayıpları ile beraber geri çekilme süreçlerinde mühimmat ve teçhizatlarını yanlarına almadan gerek gömerek gerekse tahrip ederek arkalarında bırakmışlardır. Gelişen teknolojik yenilikler sayesinde yeraltında gömülü durumda bulunan obje ya da kalıntıların tespiti belirlenen bölgelerde yapılan jeofizik, jeodezik ve uzaktan algılama çalışmaları ile belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında araştırma bölgeleri Şahindere Şehitliği ve Lone Pine Anıtı çevresi olarak seçilerek jeofizik, jeodezik ve uzaktan algılama-insansız hava aracı (İHA) uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Şahindere Şehitliğindeki ölçümler ile şehitlik alanın mevcut halinden çok daha geniş olduğu belirlenmiştir. Lone Pine mevkiinde yapılan ölçümler ile siper hatlarını birbirine bağlayan tünel yerleri net olarak haritalanmıştır. Bu kapsamda yapılan ilk detaylı çalışma olan bu uygulama hem mevcut verilere büyük katkı sağlamış hem ileride yapılacak çalışmalara yön verecek bulgular sağlamıştır.
Article History Abstract − The Dardanelles Battle were sea and land battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Entente States during the WW1 between 1915-1916 on the Gallipoli Peninsula. Entente States; Taking the control of Istanbul and Dardanelles straits by taking Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, opening a secure supply and military supply with Russia, seizing one of the allies of Germany by fighting the capital of Istanbul, they chose Dardanelles as the first target. But the attacks failed and were forced to retreat. As a result of both land and sea war, both sides suffered heavy losses. On the fronts where the world's most bloody and intense battles were experienced, especially in the withdrawal processes of the Entente States, they left behind both burying and destroying the ammunition and equipment without taking them with them. Due to the technological innovations, the determination of the objects or remains buried underground was determined by geophysical, geodetic and remote sensing studies in the determined regions. In this study, the research areas were selected as, Şahindere Martyrdom and Lone Pine Monument area, and geophysical, geodetic, remote sensing-UAV applications were completed. With the measurements in the Şahindere Martyrdom, it was determined that the martyr area was much wider than the current state. The measurements made at the Lone Pine site and the tunnel locations connecting the trench lines were clearly mapped. This is the first detailed study in this context, which has contributed greatly to the current data and provided findings that will guide future studies.
In Turkey currently the restoration of buildings with historical significance is given great importance. Before restoration work on these types of buildings with historical significance, it is very ...important to research the causes of deformation and disruption. Due to developed technological tools, it is possible to determine deformation and causes with non-destructive methods before restoration work.The main dome of Hagia Sophia Museum, with construction completed in 537 AD and used as a mosque after the conquest of Istanbul, has collapsed and been damaged several times. In the 16th century Mimar (architect) Sinan attempted to prevent this damage by constructing retaining walls and buttresses. In addition to this damage to the main dome, there is structural damage that has occurred within the building. With the aim of preventing this damage, all supporting elements within the building, led by the gallery floor, were supported with metal and wooden beams. After this reinforcement, there is no evidence of any earthquake causing destruction to Hagia Sophia in spite of many earthquakes occurred in the region. In addition to all these reinforcement works, in 1930 the architect Fossatti brothers performed repair and reinforcement work to the main dome. A focus of intense interest currently with many visitors, there is noteworthy deformation in Hagia Sophia, especially on the floor of the gallery and in the walls.With the aim of researching the causes of disruption and deformation identified in the walls with structural radar studies, thermal imaging and microwave humidity measurements were completed. The images obtained as a result shed light on the findings of the structural radar study.Thermal imaging processes and point microwave humidity measurements performed on the gallery floor of Hagia Sophia Museum show the problems the structure has been and will be exposed to and reveal that non-destructive examination processes may be successfully used. These types of studies carry great importance in preserving structures with both historical importance and economic importance due to current visitor numbers.
Ülkemizde güncel olarak tarihi önem taşıyan binaların restorasyonuna büyük önem verilmektedir. Bu tarz önemli tarihsel geçmişe sahip binalarda restorasyon çalışması yapılmadan önce deformasyonların ve bozulmaların nedenini araştırmak da çok büyük önem taşımaktadır. Gelişen teknolojik aletler sayesinde restorasyon çalışmaları öncesinde deformasyon ve nedenlerini tahribatsız yöntemler ile belirlemekte mümkün olmaktadır.Yapımı M.S. 537 yılında tamamlanan ve İstanbul’un fethi sonrasında cami olarak kullanılmaya başlanan Ayasofya Müzesi’nin (Hagia Sophia) ana kubbesi, birçok kez çökerek hasara uğramış; 16. yy da ise Mimar Sinan tarafından yapılan istinat duvarı ve payandalar ile bu hasarlar önlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Ana kubbedeki bu hasarların yanı sıra, bina içerisinde de meydana gelen yapısal hasarlar mevcuttur. Bu hasarların önlenmesi amacıyla da, başta galeri katı olmak üzere binada bulunan taşıyıcı elemanlar, metal ve ahşap hatıllar ile desteklemiştir. Bu güçlendirmelerden sonra, bölgede birçok deprem meydana gelmesine rağmen, Ayasofya’da yıkıma yol açan bir deprem olduğuna dair herhangi bir kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Tüm bu güçlendirme çalışmalarının yanı sıra, 1930’lu yıllarda Mimar Fossatti kardeşler tarafından ana kubbeye tadilat ve güçlendirme çalışmaları da yapılmıştır. Günümüzde birçok ziyaretçi tarafından yoğun olarak ilgi gören Ayasofya’da, özellikle galeri katında zeminde ve duvarlarında yer alan bu deformasyonların varlığı dikkat çekmektedir.Yapı radarı sonuçlarında tespit edilen duvarlardaki bozulma ve deformasyonların nedeninin araştırılması amacı ile termal görüntüleme ve mikrodalga nem ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların verdiği görüntü yapı radarının tespitlerine ışık tutacak şekilde olmuştur.Ayasofya Müzesi Galeri Katında yapılmış olan termal görüntüleme işlemi ve noktasal mikrodalga nem ölçümleri yapının maruz kaldığı ve kalacağı sorunları göstererek tahribatsız muayene işlemlerinde başarılı olarak kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu tarz çalışmalar gerek tarihsel önemi gerekse günümüz ziyaretleri ile ekonomik önemi bulunan yapının korunmasında büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Son yıllarda yer bilimleri araştırmalarında, sığ derinliklerdeki yeraltına ait bilgilerin detaylı ve hızlı belirlenmesinde kullanılan sığ jeofizik uygulamalardan biri Yeraltı Radarı (Ground ...Penetrating Radar/GPR) yöntemidir. Bu çalışmada; Simav ve civarında yer alan aktif faylar boyunca, daha önce saha çalışmaları ile belirlenen 3 farklı lokasyonda toplam 5 adet profil ile fayın doğrultusuna dik olacak şekilde GPR çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bunun sonucunda, Simav civarında yer alan aktif faylardaki, düşey yöndeki yer değiştirme miktarları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalara göre; birinci GPR profilinin gerçekleştirildiği alanda 30 cm ile 80 cm arasında değişen atımlar, ikinci GPR profilinin gerçekleştirildiği alanda 50 cm ile 70 cm arasında değişen atımlar, üçüncü GPR profilinin gerçekleştirildiği alanda 40 cm atım verisi elde edilmiştir. Tüm bu atım verileri; günümüzde bir miktar doğrultu atım bileşenine sahip olan, ancak ana karakteri normal fay olan Simav Fayı’nın düşey atım verilerini temsil etmektedir. Tüm bu veriler, yapılacak olan paleosismoloji çalışmaları için bir altlık oluşturmakta olup, verilerin ve yorumların kesin doğruluğu ancak paleosismoloji çalışmaları sonucunda belirlenebilir.
In earth sciences research in recent years, one of the shallow geophysical applications used for detailed and rapid determination of underground information from shallow depths is ground penetrating radar (GPR). In this study, GPR studies were completed along with active faults in Simav and surroundings, with measurements perpendicular to the fault strike on a total of 5 profiles at 3 different locations determined by previous field studies. The results were an attempt to determine the amounts of displacement in a vertical direction on active faults around Simav. According to the studies, in the area of the first GPR profile there are offsets of 30 to 80 cm, in the area of the second GPR profile there are offsets of 50 to 70 cm and in the area of the third GPR profile there are offsets of 40 cm. All these offset data indicate the young vertical offset data of the Simav Fault, with some strike-slip component with mainly normal fault characteristics. All those data forms the background for paleoseismology studies with data and interpretations of certain accuracy only determinable with paleoseismology studies.
Sweeping Effect on Witricity Gundogdu, Askin Erdem; Afacan, Erkan
International journal of interdisciplinary telecommunications and networking,
07/2012, Letnik:
4, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Wireless power transmission has become very popular since 2007 and there are many movements to integrate this new technique into our daily lives rapidly. For now, the main drawback in this technology ...is efficiency in long range. Whenever this challenge is tackled and many devices charging without cables enter daily life, there will be a desire to charge them at the same time without trouble. In this paper, the investigation results of sweeping are presented which seems to be the most appropriate approach for charging many devices at the same time. Experimental results offer that narrow MHz band is suitable for a few devices to supply power whereas a wide range of MHz band gives the opportunity to power up much more devices without remarkable efficiency loss. It is believed that these results will inspire new thoughts and point the way of new designs.
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