The objective of this study was to develop a practical questionnaire for multidimensional assessment of problems associated with alcohol and substance abuse that would also be useful for treatment ...planning.
The Addiction Profile Index (API) is a self-report questionnaire consisting of 37 items and the following 5 subscales: characteristics of substance use; dependency diagnosis; the effects of subsance use on the user; craving; motivation to quit using substances. The study included 345 alcohol and/or substance abusers from 2 addiction treatment clinics and a prison addiction service. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Readiness to Change Questionnaire (SOCRATES), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Drug Craving Scale (DCS), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), and Addiction Severity Index (ASI).
The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total API was 0.89 and for the subscales it ranged from 0.63 to 0.86. Item-total correlation coefficients ranged from 0.42 to 0.89. The Spearman Brown split-half method coefficient for the total API was 0.83. In all, 4 factors were obtained using explanatory factor analysis that represented 52.3% of the total variance. The API craving subscale was observed to be consistent with PACS and the API motivation subscale was consistent with SOCRATES. The API total score was strongly correlated with the mean MAST score, and the composite ASI medical status, substance use, legal status, and family social relations subscale scores. Based on ROC analyses, the area under curve was 0.90. With a total API cut-off score of 4, the scale's sensitivity and specificity 0.85 was 0.78, respectively.
The findings show that the API is a valid and reliable questionnaire that can be used to measure the severity of different dimensions of substance dependency.
Susceptibility to addiction has a complex genetic basis that includes genes associated with the action and metabolism of drugs of abuse. One important gene in that respect is
, which codes for the ...μ-opioid receptor and has an important role in mediating the rewarding effects of addiction substances. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of the
A118G polymorphism (rs1799971) in Turkish population and to investigate its association with opioid and other substance addiction. In addition, we examined the association of rs1799971 in addicted patients who were also diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. The study included 103 patients addicted to opioids, cocaine, ecstasy, alcohol, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), cannabis, and sedative/hypnotic substances and 83 healthy volunteers with similar demographic features as controls. rs1799971 polymorphisms were identified with the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). The genotype frequencies were significantly higher in the addicted patients than controls (32.0 % vs 16.9 %, respectively; p=0.027). The prevalence of the G allele was 16.1 % in the addicted group and 8.4 % in the control group (p=0.031). Our study confirmed the association between the rs1799971(G) allele frequency and opioid and other substance addiction, but not with psychiatric disorders.
Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of dissociative disorders among patients with drug dependency.
Methods: The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was ...used to screen 104 consecutive patients at an addiction treatment center. Thirty‐seven patients who had scores ≥30 were compared with 21 patients who scored <10 on the DES. Both groups were then evaluated using the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule and the Structured Clinical Interview for Dissociative Disorders (SCID‐D). The interviewers were blind to the DES scores.
Results: Twenty‐seven patients (26.0%) had a dissociative disorder according to the SCID‐D. Dissociative patients were younger than the non‐dissociative group. History of suicide attempt and/or childhood emotional abuse was significant predictors of a dissociative disorder. The majority (59.3%) of dissociative drug users reported that dissociative experiences had existed prior to substance use. More patients in the dissociative disorder than in the non‐dissociative group stopped their treatment prematurely.
Conclusion: A considerable proportion of drug users have a dissociative disorder, which may also interfere with treatment process. The relatively young age of this subgroup of patients and frequent reports of childhood emotional abuse underline potential preventive benefits of early intervention among adolescents with developmental trauma history and dissociative psychopathology.
The aim of this study is to investigate the factors which affect the mindfulness and trying to determine the role of mindfulness on addiction. In this regard, the aim is to review the use of ...practicing mindfulness based therapies in the treatment. Methods: One hundred ninety one patients who have been taking treatment in Alcohol and Substance Addiction/Abuse Research and Treatment Center were included in the substance users group. A total of one hundred people, comprised of seventy five teachers and twenty five bank clerks, were included in the non-users group. Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), Meta-cognitions questionnaire (MCQ-30), The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), MMPI Impulsivity Scale (IMP), SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders were administered to the participants. Results: There were no significant differences of mindfulness levels between the addicted and non-addicted groups. When two groups were compared, statistically significant differences of IMP, WBSI, MCQ-30, ERQ suppression subscale and GHQ levels were observed. Lower levels of mindfulness were observed on users who did not receive any treatment in the past and users of non-alcoholic substances. Conclusion: In light of the results of this study, it was determined that albeit the significant differences between the levels of factors which are known to affect mindfulness, including metacognition, repression, impulsivity and physical problems, between groups, there was insignificant difference of mindfulness level observed in both the addicted and non-addicted groups, and this observation was deemed a trace of MAAS scale failing to properly measure the Mindfulness level. The signi-ficantly different levels of factors which affect the mindfulness observed in the addicted group indicate that the Mindfulness therapy might be beneficial in addiction.
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dissociative disorders among inpatients with alcohol dependency. The Dissociative Experiences Scale was used to screen 111 ...alcohol-dependent patients consecutively admitted to the inpatient unit of a dependency treatment center. Subgroups of 29 patients who scored 30.0 or above and 25 patients who scored below 10.0 were then evaluated with the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule and the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders. The interviewers were blind to the Dissociative Experiences Scale scores. Of the 54 patients evaluated, 10 (9.0% of the original 111) patients had a dissociative disorder. A considerable number of the remaining patients reported a high level of dissociative experiences. Among the dissociative disorder group, nine patients had dissociative disorder not otherwise specified and one patient had depersonalization disorder. Female gender, younger age, history of suicide attempt, childhood emotional and sexual abuse, and neglect were more frequent in the dissociative disorder group than among non-dissociative patients. The dissociative disorder group also had somatization disorder, borderline personality disorder, and lifetime major depression more frequently. For 9 of the 10 dissociative patients, dissociative symptoms started before the onset of alcohol use. Although the probability of having a comorbid dissociative disorder was not higher among alcohol-dependent inpatients than among the general psychiatric inpatients, the dissociative subgroup had distinct features. Many patients without a dissociative disorder diagnosis (predominantly men) provided hints of subtle dissociative psychopathology. Implications of comorbid dissociative disorders and dissociative experiences on prevention and treatment of alcohol dependency and the importance of gender-specific characteristics in this relationship require further study.
Abstract Introduction Sexual functioning has received little attention as an important aspect of patient care for those who have severe mental disorders. Aim The aim of this study is to compare ...sexual difficulties seen in Turkish psychiatric patients and healthy control subjects. Methods Study group consisted of outpatients in remission with schizophrenia (n = 84), bipolar affective disorders (n = 90), heroin addiction (n = 88), and healthy control group (n = 98). A sociodemographical data form and the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction were applied to all groups (N = 360). Results Half of the patient groups and 72.8% of control subjects reported that they had regular sexual life. The patients with heroin addiction complained about more problems in their sexual life than in the other groups. Controls (86.2%) felt more satisfied with their sexual life. Female patients with heroin addiction had statistically significant higher scores in nonsensuality subscale of Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction. Female patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder had statistically significant higher scores in vaginismus subscale than in control group. Between the groups, male patients with bipolar disorder had higher score in most of the items except noncommunication and erectile dysfunction and also had higher total score than in the controls. More men (especially with heroin addiction) thought that their illness and drugs were responsible for their sexual problems, knew the effect of the illness and drugs on their sexual life, and asked questions to their psychiatrists about the problems more than women. Conclusion Patients with bipolar disorders and schizophrenia were unaware of effects of their medication on their sexual life. Finally, it was also found that clinicians in our country do not pay sufficient attention to the sexual problems of psychiatric patients.
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the factors which affect the mindfulness and trying to determine the role of mindfulness on addiction. In this regard, the aim is to review the use ...of practicing mindfulness based therapies in the treatment. Methods: One hundred ninety one patients who have been taking treatment in Alcohol and Substance Addiction/Abuse Research and Treatment Center were included in the substance users group. A total of one hundred people, comprised of seventy five teachers and twenty five bank clerks, were included in the non-users group. Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), Meta-cognitions questionnaire (MCQ-30), The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), MMPI Impulsivity Scale (IMP), SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders were administered to the participants. Results: There were no significant differences of mindfulness levels between the addicted and non-addicted groups. When two groups were compared, statistically significant differences of IMP, WBSI, MCQ-30, ERQ suppression subscale and GHQ levels were observed. Lower levels of mindfulness were observed on users who did not receive any treatment in the past and users of non-alcoholic substances. Conclusion: In light of the results of this study, it was determined that albeit the significant differences between the levels of factors which are known to affect mindfulness, including metacognition, repression, impulsivity and physical problems, between groups, there was insignificant difference of mindfulness level observed in both the addicted and non-addicted groups, and this observation was deemed a trace of MAAS scale failing to properly measure the Mindfulness level. The significantly different levels of factors which affect the mindfulness observed in the addicted group indicate that the Mindfulness therapy might be beneficial in addiction. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2014; 15:282-288) Key words: addiction, mindfulness, mindfulness based therapies Amac: Bu calismanin amaci, farkindaligi etkileyen etkenleri arastirmak ve farkindaligin bagimlilik uzerindeki rolunu anlamaya calismaktir.. Bu acidan, farkindalik temelli terapilerin tedavide kullanimini da gozden gecirmektir.Yontem: Calismanin bagimli grubuna, Alkol ve Madde Bagimliligi Tedavi ve Egitim Merkezinde yatarak tedavi gormekte olan 191 kisi, bagimli olmayan grubuna ise 75 ogretmen, 25 banka memuru, 100 kisi dahil edilmistir. Katilimcilara, Bilincli Farkindalik Olcegi (BFO), Genel Saglik (GSA), Beyaz Ayi Supresyon Olcegi (BAS), Ust Bilis Olcegi-30 (UBO-30), Duygu Duzenleme Olcegi (DDO), Durtusel Davranislar Alt Olcegi (DDAO), DSM-IV-TR icin yapilandirilmis klinik gorusme formu uygulanmistir. Bulgular: Farkindalik duzeyi, bagimli olan ve olmayan grup arasinda farkli bulunmamistir. Iki grup karsilatirildiginda DDAO, BASO, UBO-30, DDO bastirma alt olcegi ve GSA arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli fark bulunmustur. Ayrica, daha once tedavi gormeyen ve alkol disi madde kullanan bagimlilarda farkindalik duzeyi daha dusuktur. Sonuc: Bagimli olan ve olmayan grup arasinda farkindalik duzeyinde fark bulunmamasi ancak farkindaligi etkiledigi bilinen ust bilis, bastirma, durtusellik, fiziksel sorunlarda fark gozlenmesinin, arastirmanin orneklem secimindeki sosyodemografik farkliliklardan kaynaklanabilecegi ve BFO'nun olctugu dusunulen farkindaligi tum yonleriyle olcemedigini de dusunulmustur. Yine de farkindaligi etkileyen etkenlerin bagimli grupta farkli bulunmasi, bagimlilikta farkindalik terapisinin yararli olabilecegi izlenimini vermektedir. (Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2014; 15:282-288) Anahtar sozcukler: Bagimlilik, farkindalik, farkindalik temelli terapiler
To determine the prevalence of dissociative disorders among inpatients with alcohol or drug dependency.
The Dissociative Experiences Scale was used to screen 215 consecutive inpatients admitted to ...the dependency treatment center of a large mental hospital over a 1-year period (March 1, 2003, to March 31, 2004). Patients who had scores of 30.0 or above were compared with patients who scored below 10.0 on the scale. The patients in both groups were then evaluated using the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders. The interviewers were blind to the Dissociative Experiences Scale scores.
Of the patients, 36.7% had a Dissociative Experiences Scale score of 30.0 or above. The prevalence of DSM-IV dissociative disorders was 17.2% (N = 37). On average, 64.9% of these patients' dissociative experiences had started 3.6 years (SD = 2.9; range, 1.0-11.0 years) before onset of the substance use. Patients with dissociative disorders were younger, and the mean duration of their remission periods was shorter. Dissociative disorder patients tended to use more than 1 substance, and drugs were used more frequently than alcohol in this group. The frequency of borderline personality disorder, somatization disorder, history of suicide attempt, and childhood abuse and neglect occurred more frequently in the dissociative disorder group than in the nondissociative disorder group. History of suicide attempt (p = .005), female sex (p = .050), and childhood emotional abuse (p = .010) were significant predictors of a dissociative disorder diagnosis. Significantly more patients with dissociative disorders stopped their treatment prematurely (p < .001).
Impact of dissociative disorders on development and treatment of substance dependency requires further study.
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