The primary structural characteristics of the phalanx formation are its width, its depth and its density, while there are many other secondary ones - structural, functional, psychological - and of ...extreme importance nonetheless: weaponry, shock/striking weight, flexibility, mobility, coherence, durability, collective protection and cost. The interaction among all these features produced the winner in symmetric confrontations (phalanx against phalanx, of similar or different type and tactics) and the verdict in asymmetric ones (like hoplites against tribal warriors). This paper, based on primary sources so as to avoid the haze of later interpretation, aims to review the identity of the phalanx formation focusing on various aspects: the creation, function and comparative weight of the mechanics/dynamics, the importance of the initiative, the phases of struggle, the individual combat skills and the G-factor (generalship).
Abstract This paper describes the experience with the calibration, reconstruction and evaluation of the timing capabilities of the CMS HGCAL prototype in the beam tests in 2018. The calibration ...procedure includes multiple steps and corrections ranging from tens of nanoseconds to a few hundred picoseconds. The timing performance is studied using signals from positron beam particles with energies between 20 GeV and 300 GeV. The performance is studied as a function of particle energy against an external timing reference as well as standalone by comparing the two different halves of the prototype. The timing resolution is found to be 60 ps for single-channel measurements and better than 20 ps for full showers at the highest energies, setting excellent perspectives for the HGCAL calorimeter performance at the HL-LHC.
Abstract
The Compact Muon Solenoid collaboration is designing a new high-granularity endcap calorimeter, HGCAL, to be installed later this decade.
As part of this development work, a prototype system ...was built,
with an electromagnetic section consisting of 14 double-sided structures, providing 28 sampling layers. Each sampling layer has an hexagonal module, where a multipad large-area silicon sensor is glued between an electronics circuit board and a metal baseplate.
The sensor pads of approximately 1.1 cm
2
are wire-bonded to the circuit board and are readout by custom integrated circuits.
The prototype was extensively tested with beams at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron in 2018.
Based on the data collected with beams of positrons, with energies ranging from 20 to 300 GeV,
measurements of the energy resolution and linearity, the position and angular resolutions,
and the shower shapes are presented and compared to a detailed
Geant4
simulation.
Abstract
The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). ...The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly read out by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.
Abstract
As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is developing a High Granularity Calorimeter (CE) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. The CE is a sampling calorimeter ...with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. The calorimeter will be built with ∼30,000 hexagonal silicon modules. Prototype modules have been constructed with 6-inch hexagonal silicon sensors with cell areas of 1.1 cm
2
, and the SKIROC2-CMS readout ASIC. Beam tests of different sampling configurations were conducted with the prototype modules at DESY and CERN in 2017 and 2018. This paper describes the construction and commissioning of the CE calorimeter prototype, the silicon modules used in the construction, their basic performance, and the methods used for their calibration.
Abstract
As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is replacing its existing endcap calorimeters with a high-granularity calorimeter (CE).
The new calorimeter is a sampling ...calorimeter with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic and hadronic compartments.
Due to its compactness, intrinsic time resolution, and radiation hardness, silicon has been chosen as active material for the regions exposed to higher radiation levels.
The silicon sensors are fabricated as 20 cm (8”) wide hexagonal wafers and are segmented into several hundred pads which are read out individually.
As part of the sensor qualification strategy, 8” sensor irradiation with neutrons has been conducted at the Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center (RINSC) and followed by their electrical characterisation in 2020-21.
The completion of this important milestone in the CE's R&D program is documented in this paper and it provides detailed account of the associated infrastructure and procedures.
The results on the electrical properties of the irradiated CE silicon sensors are presented.
Abstract
The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC will be upgraded to accommodate the 5-fold increase in the instantaneous luminosity expected at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) 1. Concomitant with this ...increase will be an increase in the number of interactions in each bunch crossing and a significant increase in the total ionising dose and fluence.
One part of this upgrade is the replacement of the current endcap calorimeters with a high granularity sampling calorimeter equipped with silicon sensors, designed to manage the high collision rates 2. As part of the development of this calorimeter, a series of beam tests have been conducted with different sampling configurations using prototype segmented silicon detectors. In the most recent of these tests, conducted in late 2018 at the CERN SPS, the performance of a prototype calorimeter equipped with ≈12,000 channels of silicon sensors was studied with beams of high-energy electrons, pions and muons.
This paper describes the custom-built scalable data acquisition system that was built with readily available FPGA mezzanines and low-cost Raspberry Pi computers.
The aim of the study was to examine changes in the levels of mRNA for procollagen type I and III in women with or without genuine stress incontinence (GSI). The study was performed in the 2nd ...Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of University of Athens. Sixty-eight women participated in the study and they were divided in two groups. We did not find statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients in relation to the amount of mRNA of procollagen type I and III (p>0.05), but the quantity of collagen type I and III was significantly reduced in patients with stress incontinence (p<0.05). The possible cause for the reduction in the amount of collagen in women with GSI could be attributed to either a disturbance in the translation of mRNA to protein (collagen) or increased catabolism of collagen by its collagenase.
Assessing how the performance of a decentralized wireless sensor network (WSN) algorithm's implementation scales, in terms of communication and energy costs, as the network size increases is an ...essential requirement before its field deployment. Simulations are commonly used for this purpose, especially for large-scale environmental monitoring applications. However, it is difficult to evaluate energy consumption, processing and memory requirements before the algorithm is really ported to a real WSN platform. We propose a method for emulating the operation of collaborative algorithms in large-scale WSNs by re-using a small number of available real sensor nodes. We demonstrate the potential of the proposed simulation-driven WSN emulation approach by using it to estimate how communication and energy costs scale with the network's size when implementing a collaborative algorithm we developed in 12 for tracking the spatiotemporal evolution of a progressing environmental hazard.
The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The ...electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly readout by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.
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