In a randomized trial of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone as compared with the same therapy plus daratumumab, patients with light-chain amyloidosis who received daratumumab had a ...higher frequency of hematologic complete response than those who did not (53.3% vs. 18.1%). Deaths were most commonly due to cardiac failure.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic plasma-cell disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells. Despite extensive research, disease heterogeneity within and between ...treatment-resistant patients is poorly characterized. In the present study, we conduct a prospective, multicenter, single-arm clinical trial (NCT04065789), combined with longitudinal single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to study the molecular dynamics of MM resistance mechanisms. Newly diagnosed MM patients (41), who either failed to respond or experienced early relapse after a bortezomib-containing induction regimen, were enrolled to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a daratumumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone combination. The primary clinical endpoint was safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints included overall response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival. Treatment was safe and well tolerated; deep and durable responses were achieved. In prespecified exploratory analyses, comparison of 41 primary refractory and early relapsed patients, with 11 healthy subjects and 15 newly diagnosed MM patients, revealed new MM molecular pathways of resistance, including hypoxia tolerance, protein folding and mitochondria respiration, which generalized to larger clinical cohorts (CoMMpass). We found peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), a central enzyme in the protein-folding response pathway, as a potential new target for resistant MM. CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of PPIA or inhibition of PPIA with a small molecule inhibitor (ciclosporin) significantly sensitizes MM tumor cells to proteasome inhibitors. Together, our study defines a roadmap for integrating scRNA-seq in clinical trials, identifies a signature of highly resistant MM patients and discovers PPIA as a potent therapeutic target for these tumors.
In this issue, the British Society for Haematology presents guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with smouldering multiple myeloma (SMM). The authors provide a practical, ...evidence‐based approach to managing these patients. Key questions remain yet unsolved.
Commentary on: Hughes et al. Diagnosis and management of smouldering myeloma: A British Society for Haematology Good Practice Paper. Br J Haematol 2024;204:1193‐1206.
Multiple myeloma, a plasma cell malignancy, is the second most common blood cancer. Despite extensive research, disease heterogeneity is poorly characterized, hampering efforts for early diagnosis ...and improved treatments. Here, we apply single cell RNA sequencing to study the heterogeneity of 40 individuals along the multiple myeloma progression spectrum, including 11 healthy controls, demonstrating high interindividual variability that can be explained by expression of known multiple myeloma drivers and additional putative factors. We identify extensive subclonal structures for 10 of 29 individuals with multiple myeloma. In asymptomatic individuals with early disease and in those with minimal residual disease post-treatment, we detect rare tumor plasma cells with molecular characteristics similar to those of active myeloma, with possible implications for personalized therapies. Single cell analysis of rare circulating tumor cells allows for accurate liquid biopsy and detection of malignant plasma cells, which reflect bone marrow disease. Our work establishes single cell RNA sequencing for dissecting blood malignancies and devising detailed molecular characterization of tumor cells in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
Objective
Daratumumab is a promising new antimyeloma agent. We report a single center “real‐world” series of multiple myeloma (MM) and amyloidosis (AL) patients treated with daratumumab.
Methods
...Forty‐one patients were included: 7 second‐line MM, 30 heavily pretreated (median number of therapies of 5) advanced MM, and 4 with AL.
Results
Second‐line patients and advanced AL showed high rate of durable overall responses. However, advanced MM patients had a dismal prognosis with an overall response rate (ORR) of 36%, and a short median progression‐free and overall survival of 2.3 and 6.6 months, respectively. Responses were particularly poor in patients with extramedullary plasmacytomas. Neither the addition of another agent to daratumumab nor changing to the next line of therapy produced significant durable responses in this patient population. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that CD38 expression level was not predictive of response. We show that CD38 expression dynamics by a commercially available anti‐CD38 antibody after daratumumab administration was hindered by competitive binding of daratumumab.
Conclusions
Responses to daratumumab and combinations in patients with advanced MM, particularly with extramedullary disease, are low and short‐lived, stressing the administration of this agent should be early in the course of the disease.
Light chain amyloidosis 2012: a new era Gatt, Moshe E.; Palladini, Giovanni
British journal of haematology,
March 2013, Letnik:
160, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Summary
AL amyloidosis patients with multi‐organ and particularly cardiac involvement have historically been considered to have a bad prognosis. The introduction of autologous stem cell ...transplantation was associated with unacceptable toxicity in high‐risk patients, but responding patients have prolonged overall survival. Toxicities can be decreased by careful patient selection, but this reduces the applicability of this treatment modality to a limited number of patients. Efforts are therefore needed to design novel more effective regimens, with the use of new medications, such as thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib, next generation immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors. Their combination with dexamethasone and alkylating agents show promising results, allowing a high percentage of remission and subsequent event‐free and overall survival, even in a significant proportion of high risk, poor prognosis populations. This review includes the state‐of‐the‐art treatment for AL amyloidosis patients as of 2012, in light of the progress in management of this disease during recent years.
Selinexor combined with dexamethasone has shown activity in patients with heavily pre-treated multiple myeloma. In a phase 1b/2 study, the combination of oral selinexor with bortezomib (a proteasome ...inhibitor) and dexamethasone induced high response rates with low rates of peripheral neuropathy, the main dose-limiting toxicity of bortezomib. We aimed to evaluate the clinical benefit of weekly selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone versus standard bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with previously treated multiple myeloma.
This phase 3, randomised, open-label trial was done at 123 sites in 21 countries. Patients aged 18 years or older, who had multiple myeloma, and who had previously been treated with one to three lines of therapy, including proteasome inhibitors, were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive selinexor (100 mg once per week), bortezomib (1·3 mg/m2 once per week), and dexamethasone (20 mg twice per week), or bortezomib (1·3 mg/m2 twice per week for the first 24 weeks and once per week thereafter) and dexamethasone (20 mg four times per week for the first 24 weeks and twice per week thereafter). Randomisation was done using interactive response technology and stratified by previous proteasome inhibitor therapy, lines of treatment, and multiple myeloma stage. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. Patients who received at least one dose of study treatment were included in the safety population. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03110562. The trial is ongoing, with 55 patients remaining on randomised therapy as of Feb 20, 2020.
Of 457 patients screened for eligibility, 402 were randomly allocated—195 (49%) to the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group and 207 (51%) to the bortezomib and dexamethasone group—and the first dose of study medication was given between June 6, 2017, and Feb 5, 2019. Median follow-up durations were 13·2 months IQR 6·2–19·8 for the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group and 16·5 months 9·4–19·8 for the bortezomib and dexamethasone group. Median progression-free survival was 13·93 months (95% CI 11·73–not evaluable) with selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone and 9·46 months (8·11–10·78) with bortezomib and dexamethasone (hazard ratio 0·70 95% CI 0·53–0·93, p=0·0075). The most frequent grade 3–4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (77 39% of 195 patients in the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group vs 35 17% of 204 in the bortezomib and dexamethasone group), fatigue (26 13% vs two 1%), anaemia (31 16% vs 20 10%), and pneumonia (22 11% vs 22 11%). Peripheral neuropathy of grade 2 or above was less frequent with selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (41 21% patients) than with bortezomib and dexamethasone (70 34% patients; odds ratio 0·50 95% CI 0·32–0·79, p=0·0013). 47 (24%) patients in the selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone group and 62 (30%) in the bortezomib and dexamethasone group died.
A once-per-week regimen of selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone is a novel, effective, and convenient treatment option for patients with multiple myeloma who have received one to three previous lines of therapy.
Karyopharm Therapeutics.
Anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy shows remarkable efficacy in patients with relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) multiple myeloma (MM). HBI0101, a ...novel second generation optimized anti- BCMA CAR T-cell therapy, was developed in an academic setting. We conducted a phase I dose-escalation study of HBI0101 (cohort 1: 150x106 CAR T cells, n=6; cohort 2: 450x106 CAR T cells, n=7; cohort 3: 800x106 CAR T cells, n=7) in 20 heavily pre-treated R/R MM patients. Grade 1-2 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was reported in 18 patients (90%). Neither grade 3-4 CRS nor neurotoxicity of any grade were observed. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in any cohort. The overall response rate (ORR), (stringent) complete response (CR/sCR), and very good partial response rates were 75%, 50%, and 25%, respectively. Response rates were dose-dependent with 85% ORR, 71% CR, and 57% minimal residual disease negativity in the high-dose cohort 3. Across all cohorts, the median overall survival (OS) was 308 days (range 25-466+), with an estimated OS of 55% as of June 27th (data cut-off). The median progression-free survival was 160 days, with 6 subjects remaining progression free at the time of data cut-off. Our findings demonstrate the manageable safety profile and efficacy of HBI0101. These encouraging data support the decentralization of CAR T production in an academic setting, ensuring sufficient CAR T supply to satisfy the increasing local demand. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04720313.
Light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare plasma cell disorder characterized by the deposition of misfolded immunoglobulin light chains in target organs, leading to multi-organ dysfunction. Treatment ...approaches have historically mirrored but lagged behind those of multiple myeloma (MM). Recent advancements in MM immunotherapy are gradually being evaluated and adopted in AL amyloidosis. This review explores the current state of immunotherapeutic strategies in AL amyloidosis, including monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. We discuss the unique challenges and prospects of these therapies in AL amyloidosis, including the exposure of frail AL amyloidosis patients to immune-mediated toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector-cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), as well as their efficacy in promoting rapid and deep hematologic responses. Furthermore, we highlight the need for international initiatives and compassionate programs to provide access to these promising therapies and address critical unmet needs in AL amyloidosis management. Finally, we discuss future directions, including optimizing treatment sequencing and mitigating toxicities, to improve outcomes for AL amyloidosis patients.
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