There is a long‐standing need for measurement‐based estimates of the emissions of ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs) in Russia. This need arises from >20 years of globally important ODS manufacture in ...Russia that reportedly ceased in December 2000, for which only aggregated, unaudited production figures are available. The integrity of these production figures is questionable because, for nearly the last decade, the global emissions of several important ODSs estimated from global production figures (production‐based estimates) have been insufficient to account for their measured atmospheric burdens. Are these shortfalls in worldwide production‐based estimates the result of Russian emissions that are inordinate relative to the reported production figures? We estimate Russian emissions of six ODSs (chlorofluorocarbon‐11 (CFC‐11, CCl3F), CFC‐12 (CCl2F2), CFC‐113 (CCl2FCClF2), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3), and halon‐1211 (CBrClF2)) from thousands of measurements of their mixing ratios along 8500 km of the Russian trans‐Siberian railway in June–July 2001. Our measurement‐based estimates indicate that Russian emissions in 2001, even if grossly underestimated because of underreported production, were insufficient in magnitude to play a major role in recent global emission shortfalls. The results also corroborate the reported termination of CFC production in Russia at the end of 2000. The large CFC‐12 emissions observed in Russia suggest that a recent estimate of the global CFC‐12 reserve is too small.
Results of unique experimental observations of the atmospheric composition over the Moscow megapolis carried out using a mobile railroad laboratory are presented. The surface concentrations of key ...gas components and aerosol, and the radiative and meteorological parameters were measured. Distributions of admixtures and atmospheric parameters in the radial section of the megapolis and along its perimeter were obtained for the first time. Data analysis reveals the sources of pollution, character, and degree of the influence of the city on the regional atmosphere.
Using a laboratory wagon traveling along the Trans-Siberian railroad, O^sub 3^, NO, NO^sub 2^, CO, CH^sub 4^, SF^sub 6^ and black carbon aerosol have been measured during the summer of 1996. The ...expedition from Niznij Novgorod (500 km east of Moscow) to Vladivostok (and back to Moscow) has shown the great potential of the train method; here the first results are presented and discussed. A wealth of boundary layer air data was obtained during the over 18000 km travel without serious contamination problems from the electric train itself. The diurnal O^sub 3^ cycle peaked generally below 50 nmole/mole, showed the effects of changes in J(NO^sub 2^), and often dropped to a few nmole/mole at night time during inversions. Over the vast Siberian lowlands situated between the Ural mountains and the river Yenisey, CH^sub 4^ levels were consistently elevated at around 1.95 µmole/mole, which we mainly attribute to wetland emissions. Over eastern Siberia, however, CH^sub 4^ levels were generally lower at 1.85 µmole/mole. In contrast, over the west Siberian lowlands, CO levels were relatively low, often reaching values of only 110 nmole/mole, whereas over eastern Siberia CO levels were higher. Very high CO levels were detected over a 2000 km section east of Chita, along the river Amur, which represented an enormous polluted air mass. ^sup 14^C analysis performed on several CO samples confirms that the origin was biomass burning. SF^sub 6^, which was measured as a general conserved tracer, showed an eastward attenuation from 4.0 to 3.9 pmole/mole, with peaks in a number of places due to local Russian emissions.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
