•We develop a dataset of planting windows for single- and double-crop soy in Brazil.•Breeding for shorter photoperiods allowed the expansion of double-cropping systems.•There is potential to further ...expand the use of such systems under current climate.•Future climate changes may decrease areas with potential for double cropping.
Over the course of a few decades, soybeans in Brazil evolved from being a localized crop, with planting suitable only in regions with long photoperiods, to being the most cultivated crop countrywide. This happened thanks to the development of varieties that allowed changes in the planting calendar, permitting both cultivation in lower latitudes and the adoption of modern double-cropping systems. Here we develop a spatial dataset of Brazilian soy planting-window estimates for rainfed single and double cropping as a function of time during the period 1974–2012 by combining estimates of two important historical limitations: photoperiod and duration and timing of the rainy season. We apply the same methods to future climate estimates to investigate a possible contraction in the area of double cropping due to changes in the rainy season with global change. The resulting dataset agrees with time-invariant official agricultural zoning and optimal yield experiments and provides unprecedented spatial and temporal information on the soy growing season in Brazil. Analysis of the evolution of planting limitations shows that the relaxation of photoperiod limitations gradually made double cropping possible in central–northern Brazil in the 1980s by lengthening the planting window and allowing farmers to make use of a larger portion of the rainy season. Due to these developments, there were 20 Mha potentially suitable for double cropping in 2012, and this potential has been increasingly exploited. Under the constraints of current widely used crop varieties, we predict that climate change poses a severe threat to this potential, causing area reductions of ∼17% in central Brazil and 61% in the MATOPIBA region, known as the world’s newest agricultural frontier.
To study how microbes establish themselves in a mammalian gut environment, we colonized germ-free mice with microbial communities from human, zebrafish, and termite guts, human skin and tongue, soil, ...and estuarine microbial mats. Bacteria from these foreign environments colonized and persisted in the mouse gut; their capacity to metabolize dietary and host carbohydrates and bile acids correlated with colonization success. Cohousing mice harboring these xenomicrobiota or a mouse cecal microbiota, along with germ-free “bystanders,” revealed the success of particular bacterial taxa in invading guts with established communities and empty gut habitats. Unanticipated patterns of ecological succession were observed; for example, a soil-derived bacterium dominated even in the presence of bacteria from other gut communities (zebrafish and termite), and human-derived bacteria colonized germ-free bystander mice before mouse-derived organisms. This approach can be generalized to address a variety of mechanistic questions about succession, including succession in the context of microbiota-directed therapeutics.
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•Microbiota from diverse habitats colonize and compete in the guts of gnotobiotic mice•Ecological succession cannot be predicted solely from microbes’ typical habitats•Opportunist microbes can be identified and displaced by better host-adapted microbes•The approach can address mechanistic questions relevant for microbiota therapeutics
Cohousing mice colonized with different microbial sources reveal competitive dynamics among species and establish a system to probe how established microbiota permit or resist colonization by microbes from other communities.
...it would be unrealistic to expect overwhelmingly robust evidence before the proposed policy intervention must be enacted, usually to avert a set of irreversibly bad outcomes. ...models can have a ...useful role by nowcasting what is the situation and forecasting what might become the situation given certain decisions. Nowcasting and forecasting assess pathogenic, epidemiological, clinical, and sociobehavioural characteristics of an ongoing outbreak, providing situational assessment to inform decisions on responses for disease control.1 For example, within 4 weeks of the initial report of the Wuhan cluster by the end of January, 2020, using a simple metapopulation transmission model, Wu and colleagues2 provided the first evidence demonstrating the pandemic potential of SARS-CoV-2, before WHO declared it a public health emergency of international concern or even before the pandemic was named COVID-19. New SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge when transmission is widespread and treatment is suboptimal. ...we still do not have sufficient COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness data to properly define an adequate primary vaccine schedule for different population groups, let alone work out how best to deploy second-generation or third-generation vaccines to bring about sustainable endemicity for the entire world in the long term.
The molecular mechanisms underlying the response to exercise and inactivity are not fully understood. We propose an innovative approach to profile the skeletal muscle transcriptome to exercise and ...inactivity using 66 published datasets. Data collected from human studies of aerobic and resistance exercise, including acute and chronic exercise training, were integrated using meta-analysis methods (www.metamex.eu). Here we use gene ontology and pathway analyses to reveal selective pathways activated by inactivity, aerobic versus resistance and acute versus chronic exercise training. We identify NR4A3 as one of the most exercise- and inactivity-responsive genes, and establish a role for this nuclear receptor in mediating the metabolic responses to exercise-like stimuli in vitro. The meta-analysis (MetaMEx) also highlights the differential response to exercise in individuals with metabolic impairments. MetaMEx provides the most extensive dataset of skeletal muscle transcriptional responses to different modes of exercise and an online interface to readily interrogate the database.
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy may improve the radical resection rate for resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, but the overall benefit is unproven.
In this randomized phase III ...trial in 16 centers, patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer were randomly assigned to receive preoperative chemoradiotherapy, which consisted of 3 courses of gemcitabine, the second combined with 15 × 2.4 Gy radiotherapy, followed by surgery and 4 courses of adjuvant gemcitabine or to immediate surgery and 6 courses of adjuvant gemcitabine. The primary end point was overall survival by intention to treat.
Between April 2013 and July 2017, 246 eligible patients were randomly assigned; 119 were assigned to preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 127 to immediate surgery. Median overall survival by intention to treat was 16.0 months with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 14.3 months with immediate surgery (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.05;
= .096). The resection rate was 61% and 72% (
= .058). The R0 resection rate was 71% (51 of 72) in patients who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy and 40% (37 of 92) in patients assigned to immediate surgery (
< .001). Preoperative chemoradiotherapy was associated with significantly better disease-free survival and locoregional failure-free interval as well as with significantly lower rates of pathologic lymph nodes, perineural invasion, and venous invasion. Survival analysis of patients who underwent tumor resection and started adjuvant chemotherapy showed improved survival with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (35.2
19.8 months;
029). The proportion of patients who suffered serious adverse events was 52% versus 41% (
096).
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer did not show a significant overall survival benefit. Although the outcomes of the secondary end points and predefined subgroup analyses suggest an advantage of the neoadjuvant approach, additional evidence is required.
28-dB cross-polarization rejection. Simultaneous dual-beam operation is demonstrated with near-ideal patterns for each beam. The array demonstrates independent simultaneously transmitted Formula ...Omitted-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and Formula Omitted-QAM data streams delivering an aggregate maximum data rate of Formula Omitted and Formula Omitted Gb/s, respectively. Also, measurements done over all scan angles at an EIRP of 41 dBm per polarization and 64-QAM waveforms show a data rate of Formula Omitted Gb/s with an Formula Omitted dB. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a dual-polarized dual-beam phased array for 5G polarization-based multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems with 60-Gb/s maximum data rates.
This article presents a 20-42-GHz in-phase and quadrature (IQ) receiver in 22-nm CMOS fully depleted silicon on insulator (FD-SOI). The receiver includes a wideband low noise variable-gain amplifier ...(LN-VGA), double-balanced IQ mixers, wideband I/Q generation network and wideband local oscillator (LO) driver, low-pass filters, and wideband intermediate frequency (IF) amplifiers. The measured receiver has a peak conversion gain of 25.3 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 19.8-42 GHz and an I and Q bandwidth of 5.7 GHz and covers the 5G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band. The measured single-sideband noise figure (NF) is 2.7-4.2 dB at 24-42 GHz with an IP1dB of −26 to −23 dBm. The I/Q downconverter consumes a total of 102 mW from 0.8- and 1.6-V supplies. The IP1dB can be improved by 5 dB with an NF degradation by only 1.2 dB using RF VGA gain control. At peak gain and −8-dB VGA setting, the receiver dynamic range is 64-68 dB for a 100-MHz bandwidth, which is very high for low power consumption. The gain and phase mismatch between the I and Q channels is < 0.6 dB and <6°, respectively. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first wideband I/Q receiver that covers the entire mm-wave 5G band based on GF 22-nm CMOS FD-SOI. The application area is multistandard multigigabit per second communication systems.
We document that skyscraper growth since the end of the 19th century has been driven by a reduction in the cost of height, increasing urbanization, and rising incomes. These stylized facts guide us ...in developing a competitive open-city general equilibrium model of vertical and horizontal city structure. We use the model to show that (i) vertical costs and benefits affect the horizontal land use pattern within cities; (ii) the causal relationship between skyscrapers and urbanization is bi-directional; and (iii) height limits reduce the size of large cities, leading to lower agglomeration economies, productivity, and urban GDP. We substantiate the model’s predictions by novel estimates of urban height gradients.
This article presents K/Ka-band low-noise-ampli- fiers (LNAs) for 5G front ends. The use of forward body bias (FBB) in fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) devices is studied and utilized to ...improve the LNA performance under reduced supply voltage and dc power (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">P_{\mathrm{ dc}} </tex-math></inline-formula>). Design procedures targeting high linearity, low noise, and high gain are provided. The two-stage common-source LNA (CS-LNA) achieves sub-2.1 dB mean NF, 20.1 dB peak gain, 9 GHz 3 dB bandwidth (BW) from 19.5 to 28.5 GHz, and an in-band IIP 3 of 0 dBm with 9.6 mW <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">P_{\mathrm{ dc}} </tex-math></inline-formula>. The single-stage cascode LNA (CAS-LNA) achieves over 10 dB gain, 11 GHz 3 dB BW, and an IIP 3 of 7.5 dBm for a 2.2 dB mean NF. The two-stage CAS-LNA has 28.5 dB peak gain, 4 GHz BW, and 2.25 dB mean NF for 20 mW <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">P_{\mathrm{ dc}} </tex-math></inline-formula>. In the low-power mode, the CS-LNA operates at 0.4 V with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">P_{\mathrm{ dc}} </tex-math></inline-formula> of 3.2 mW, 16.9 dB gain, and less than 2.2 dB mean NF, while the two-stage CAS-LNA achieves 2.4 dB NF and 23 dB gain for 5.5 mW. Also, ultralow-power operation and sub-3 dB NF are possible with the CS-LNA at 0.2 V/1 mW with 12 dB gain and for the CAS-LNA at 0.4 V/2.4 mW with 17.7 dB gain. To the best of our knowledge, the single-stage CAS-LNA shows the highest IIP 3 at 28 GHz compared with the published CMOS work. The two-stage FBB CS and CAS designs have the lowest voltage supply, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">P_{\mathrm{ dc}} </tex-math></inline-formula>, and best Figure of Merit (FoM) for mm-waves 5G LNAs in the low-power mode.
Large-scale excavations conducted by Smithsonian Institution archaeologists and avocational archaeologists during the 1960s and 1970s at three sites in Seaside, Oregon, resulted in the recovery of a ...diverse range of material culture curated by multiple institutions. One site, known as Palmrose (35CLT47), provides compelling evidence for the presence of one of the earliest examples of a rectangular plank house along the Oregon Coast. Previous research suggests habitation of the Palmrose site occurred between 2340 cal BC to cal AD 640. However, recent research highlights significant chronometric hygiene concerns of previously reported radiocarbon dates for the Seaside area, calling into question broader regional chronologies. This paper presents a revised chronology for the Palmrose site based on 12 new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates of ancient cervid bones. I evaluate these new dates and previously reported radiocarbon dates from the site, applying chronometric hygiene assessments and Bayesian statistics to build a refined chronology for the Palmrose site. Calibration of the 12 AMS radiocarbon dates suggests an initial occupation range from 345-55 cal BC and a terminal occupation range from cal AD 225-340-. Bayesian modeling of the Palmrose sequence suggests initial occupation may have spanned from 195-50 cal BC and the terminal occupation from cal AD 210-255. Modeling suggests the maximum range of occupation may span from 580-55 cal BC to cal AD 210-300 based on the start and end boundary calculations. Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates directly associated with the plank house deposits suggests the plank house's occupation may have spanned from 160-1 cal BC to cal AD 170-320. The new radiocarbon dates significantly constrain the Palmrose habitation and alter regional chronologies.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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![2 [Formula Omitted] 64-Elem...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0018-9480/small "2 [Formula Omitted] 64-Element Dual-Polarized Dual-Beam Single-Aperture 28-GHz Phased Array With 2 [Formula Omitted] 30 Gb/s Links for 5G Polarization MIMO")
