Fluctuations in renewable energy production, especially from solar and wind plants, can be solved by large-scale energy storage. One of the possibilities is storing energy in the form of hydrogen or ...methane–hydrogen blends. A viable alternative for storing hydrogen in salt caverns is Lined Rock Cavern (LRC) underground energy storage. One of the most significant challenges in LRC for hydrogen storage is sealing liners, which need to have satisfactory sealing and mechanical properties. An experimental study of hydrogen permeability of different kinds of polymers was conducted, followed by modeling of hydrogen permeability of these materials with different additives (graphite, halloysite and fly ash). Fillers in polymers can have an impact on the hydrogen permeability ratio and reduce the amount of polymer required to make a sealing liner in the reservoir. Results of this study show that hydrogen permeability coefficients of polymers and estimated hydrogen leakage through these materials are similar to the results of salt rock after the salt creep process. During 60 days of hydrogen storage in a tank of 1000 m2 inner surface, 1 cm thick sealing liner and gas pressure of 1.0 MPa, only approx. 1 m3 STP of hydrogen will diffuse from the reservoir. The study also carries out the modeling of the hydrogen permeability of materials, using the Maxwell model. The difference between experimental and model results is up to 17%, compared to the differences exceeding 30% in some other studies.
Energy production from renewable energy sources is not stable and any fluctuations in energy productions need to be eliminated with underground energy storage. Demand of underground gas storage will ...be increasing, due to the switching to green energy, while the availability of underground storage sites, especially salt caverns suitable for hydrogen storage, is limited. The purpose of this paper is to compare the hydrogen permeability of different materials and select a proper liner material for hydrogen storage in Liner Rock Caverns or post mine workings. A variety of materials, like concrete, polymer concrete, epoxy resin, salt rock, and mudstone, were tested for gas permeability/hydrogen diffusion, using the combined Steady-State Flow/Carrier Gas methods. Results are shown in different units, providing the opportunity to compare the results with literature data. The permeability value of investigated epoxy resin is comparable to the salt rock (after creep process), which makes the epoxy resin a promising sealing liner for hydrogen and potential substitution of stainless-steel in Lined Rock Cavern (LRC) gas storage.
The search for an effective, cost-efficient, and selective sorbent for CO2 capture technologies has been a focus of research in recent years. Many technologies allow efficient separation of CO2 from ...industrial gases; however, most of them (particularly amine absorption) are very energy-intensive processes not only from the point of view of operation but also solvent production. The aim of this study was to determine CO2 and CH4 sorption capacity of pyrolyzed spruce wood under a wide range of pressures for application as an effective adsorbent for gas separation technology such as Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) or Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA). The idea behind this study was to reduce the carbon footprint related to the transport and manufacturing of sorbent for the separation unit by replacing it with a material that is the direct product of pyrolysis. The results show that pyrolyzed spruce wood has a considerable sorption capacity and selectivity towards CO2 and CH4. Excess sorption capacity reached 1.4 mmol·g−1 for methane and 2.4 mmol·g−1 for carbon dioxide. The calculated absolute sorption capacity was 1.75 mmol·g−1 at 12.6 MPa for methane and 2.7 mmol·g−1 at 4.7 MPa for carbon dioxide. The isotherms follow I type isotherm which is typical for microporous adsorbents.
Nowadays, we are noticing more and more new technological solutions that fit into the field of sensory marketing, the implementation of which is in a relatively preliminary stage. They are intended ...to improve customer experience. The main objective of the research is to determine the main topics covered in the literature. This article covers a systematic literature review of research conducted to date on new technologies that are part of the field of sensory marketing related to customer experience. The research search was based on two databases: Scopus and Web of Science Core Collections. Studies conducted between 2007 and May 2022 were included. Four inclusion criteria were used: database, terms, language, and cover period. No methods were used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. 33 items of literature were qualified for qualitative synthesis. Based on the analysis, a conceptual framework of the most commonly used antecedents and outcomes in research was created, and two main research areas were identified: sense of telepresence and research by technology type. In view of this, further research directions based on the identified research gaps were indicated.
Consumers’ attitudes are determined by many factors, one of which is a product brand. The objective of the paper is to present young consumers’ attitudes towards mobile phone brands. The ABC model of ...attitudes is the theoretical framework for the study. The research method was a paper-and-pencil survey (PAPI) on the sample of 250 respondents aged 18–25. The research showed that it is just the name of the brand that can affect consumers’ attitudes. It is a derivative of associations with the brands. The value of the attitude components is differentiated by brands. The affective component appeared to be the most important and the cognitive component – the least important. The findings show that gender and brand of respondents’ mobile phones also differentiate the importance of components of young consumers’ attitudes on the mobile phone market. Limitations and recommendations for further research are presented as well.
Consumers’ attitudes are determined by many factors, one of which is a product brand. The objective of the paper is to present young consumers’ attitudes towards mobile phone brands. The ABC model of ...attitudes is the theoretical framework for the study. The research method was a paper-and-pencil survey (PAPI) on the sample of 250 respondents aged 18–25. The research showed that it is just the name of the brand that can affect consumers’ attitudes. It is a derivative of associations with the brands. The value of the attitude components is differentiated by brands. The affective component appeared to be the most important and the cognitive component – the least important. The findings show that gender and brand of respondents’ mobile phones also differentiate the importance of components of young consumers’ attitudes on the mobile phone market. Limitations and recommendations for further research are presented as well.
The search for an effective, cost-efficient, and selective sorbent for CO
capture technologies has been a focus of research in recent years. Many technologies allow efficient separation of CO
from ...industrial gases; however, most of them (particularly amine absorption) are very energy-intensive processes not only from the point of view of operation but also solvent production. The aim of this study was to determine CO
and CH
sorption capacity of pyrolyzed spruce wood under a wide range of pressures for application as an effective adsorbent for gas separation technology such as Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) or Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA). The idea behind this study was to reduce the carbon footprint related to the transport and manufacturing of sorbent for the separation unit by replacing it with a material that is the direct product of pyrolysis. The results show that pyrolyzed spruce wood has a considerable sorption capacity and selectivity towards CO
and CH
. Excess sorption capacity reached 1.4 mmol·g
for methane and 2.4 mmol·g
for carbon dioxide. The calculated absolute sorption capacity was 1.75 mmol·g
at 12.6 MPa for methane and 2.7 mmol·g
at 4.7 MPa for carbon dioxide. The isotherms follow I type isotherm which is typical for microporous adsorbents.
The search for an effective, cost-efficient, and selective sorbent for COsub.2 capture technologies has been a focus of research in recent years. Many technologies allow efficient separation of ...COsub.2 from industrial gases; however, most of them (particularly amine absorption) are very energy-intensive processes not only from the point of view of operation but also solvent production. The aim of this study was to determine COsub.2 and CHsub.4 sorption capacity of pyrolyzed spruce wood under a wide range of pressures for application as an effective adsorbent for gas separation technology such as Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) or Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA). The idea behind this study was to reduce the carbon footprint related to the transport and manufacturing of sorbent for the separation unit by replacing it with a material that is the direct product of pyrolysis. The results show that pyrolyzed spruce wood has a considerable sorption capacity and selectivity towards COsub.2 and CHsub.4. Excess sorption capacity reached 1.4 mmol·gsup.−1 for methane and 2.4 mmol·gsup.−1 for carbon dioxide. The calculated absolute sorption capacity was 1.75 mmol·gsup.−1 at 12.6 MPa for methane and 2.7 mmol·gsup.−1 at 4.7 MPa for carbon dioxide. The isotherms follow I type isotherm which is typical for microporous adsorbents.
Metals such as nickel, cobalt, lithium, and manganese are widely used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic devices and electric vehicles. It is forecast that there will be a strong increase ...in the number of electronic devices and electric vehicles in the coming years. (1) Background: In this paper, the application of ultrasound waves on improving Li, Co, Mn, and Ni leaching efficiency from mixed active cathode materials from different types of LIBs is presented. (2) Methods: Environmentally friendly, low-concentrated (0.75 M) organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid) and, additionally, sulfuric acid, were used in sonochemical and chemical leaching (stirring process) at a temperature of 60 °C. (3) Results: The results showed significantly higher leaching efficiency of metals with ultrasound-assisted treatment, especially when using organic acids. An average of 50% better leaching results were obtained for Li in oxalic acid (99.6%) and for Co (93.1%) in citric acid during sonochemical leaching. (4) Conclusions: Based on the theory of hydrogen peroxide formation during ultrasound wave transition in solutions, the role of Hsub.2Osub.2 as one of the most effective reductants used to enhance cobalt, manganese, and nickel leaching from LIBs is indicated.
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