To deal with the global and regional issues including food security, climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss, water resource management, and ecosystem health, detailed accurate spatial ...soil information is urgently needed. This drives the worldwide development of digital soil mapping. In recent years, significant progresses have been made in different aspects of digital soil mapping. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a review for the major progresses of digital soil mapping in the last decade. First, we briefly described the rise of digital soil mapping and outlined important milestones and their influence, and main paradigms in digital soil mapping. Then, we reviewed the progresses in legacy soil data, environmental covariates, soil sampling, predictive models and the applications of digital soil mapping products. Finally, we summarized the main trends and future prospect as revealed by studies up to now. We concluded that although the digital soil mapping is now moving towards mature to meet various demands of soil information, challenges including new theories, methodologies and applications of digital soil mapping, especially for highly heterogeneous and human-affected environments, still exist and need to be addressed in the future.
The service life of concrete-based infrastructure and buildings is seriously shortened due to the chloride-induced durability problems. In order to clarify the transport mechanism associated with the ...response of inclusion structures, this paper presents a numerical study on the influence caused by morphology and heterogeneity of individual phases, in which the concrete is treated as a three-phase composite including mortar, aggregates and interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A series of meso-scale numerical models with different shapes and volume fractions of aggregates are developed for examining the effects of aggregates on ionic migration. Unlike in most of the existing published research work in this area, a multi-component ionic transport theory which takes ionic interactions into consideration has been utilised in this study. By coupling mass conservation and Poisson’s equations, the time-spatial concentration distribution results for individual ionic species are obtained. Other important factors such as the externally applied electric field, concrete heterogeneity, ionic binding and ITZ are also considered and examined in this study. Through this relatively thorough numerical analysis, some important features about the effect of aggregate shape based on multi-species modelling, which have previously not been properly investigated, are highlighted.
2D SnS2 nanosheets have been attracting intensive attention as one potential candidate for the modern electronic and/or optoelectronic fields. However, the controllable large‐size growth of ultrathin ...SnS2 nanosheets still remains a great challenge and the photodetectors based on SnS2 nanosheets suffer from low responsivity, thus hindering their further applications so far. Herein, an improved chemical vapor deposition route is provided to synthesize large‐size SnS2 nanosheets, the side length of which can surpass 150 μm. Then, ultrathin SnS2 nanosheet‐based phototransistors are fabricated, which achieve high photoresponsivities up to 261 A W−1 (with a fast rising time of 20 ms and a falling time of 16 ms) in air and 722 A W−1 in vacuum, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of back‐gate voltage and air adsorbates on the optoelectronic properties of the SnS2 nanosheet have been systematically investigated. In addition, a high‐performance flexible photodetector based on SnS2 nanosheet is also fabricated with a high responsivity of 34.6 A W−1.
Large‐size ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets are synthesized via chemical vapor method with the side length up to 150 μm. The thickness of the SnS2 nanosheets can be found to be as thin as 10 nm. Phototransistors based on ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets exhibit a high responsivity, fast response rates, and a high detectivity.
The substitution of petroleum-based self-healing elastomers with biobased counterparts is crucial to the global sustainable development of the rubber industry, which highly depends on the ease of the ...synthesis procedure. Herein, we show that highly stretchable, recyclable, and self-healable biobased elastomers were synthesized via condensation polymerization of succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, and 1,4-butanediol in the presence of a small amount of glycerol as a curing agent and 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid as a dynamic covalent monomer. The macroscopic properties of our elastomers, including thermal, mechanical, stress relaxation, and self-healing performance, were finely regulated via microscopic chemical and topological structure. As such, a highly stretchable (up to ∼1700%), recyclable (almost without degradation of the mechanical performance over several repeats), rapid room temperature self-healable (in 20 min) biobased vitrimeric elastomer was achieved, which is the first aliphatic disulfide metathesis assisted self-healing polymer achieved at such low temperatures. The ease of the polycondensation with which the elastomers can be readily scaled up points to exciting opportunities for sustainable polymers with minimal environmental impact.
Hexagonal crystalline ultrathin ReSe2 flakes are synthesized for the first time by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The as‐synthesized ReSe2 flake is revealed as a novel structure, which has ...mirror‐symmetric single‐crystal domains inside, by polarization incident Raman and HRTEM. The successful development of the CVD method will facilitate research on the novel anisotropic electronic/optoelectronic properties of ReSe2 in the future.
The development of smart nanosystems, which could overcome diverse biological barriers of nanomedicine transport, has received intense scientific interest in improving the therapeutic efficacies of ...traditional nanomedicines. However, the reported nanosystems generally hold disparate structures and functions, and the knowledge of involved biological barriers is usually scattered. There is an imperative need for a summary of biological barriers and how these smart nanosystems conquer biological barriers, to guide the rational design of the new‐generation nanomedicines. This review starts from the discussion of major biological barriers existing in nanomedicine transport, including blood circulation, tumoral accumulation and penetration, cellular uptake, drug release, and response. Design principles and recent progress of smart nanosystems in overcoming the biological barriers are overviewed. The designated physicochemical properties of nanosystems can dictate their functions in biological environments, such as protein absorption inhibition, tumor accumulation, penetration, cellular internalization, endosomal escape, and controlled release, as well as modulation of tumor cells and their resident tumor microenvironment. The challenges facing smart nanosystems on the road heading to clinical approval are discussed, followed by the proposals that could further advance the nanomedicine field. It is expected that this review will provide guidelines for the rational design of the new‐generation nanomedicines for clinical use.
Smart nanosystems with multiple functions, including specific surface, transformable ability, tumor microenvironment modulating and tumor cells regulating and etc., are overviewed to overcome the biological barriers in cancer therapy, followed by the brief discussion of several considerations on translational barriers to advance the developed nanosystems towards clinical use.
Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) is attracting more and more attention for its thickness‐depended direct band gap. As a new appearing 2D transition metal dichalcogenide, the studies on synthesis method via ...chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is still rare. Here a systematically study on the CVD growth of continuous bilayer ReS2 film and single crystalline hexagonal ReS2 flake, as well as their corresponding optoelectronic properties is reported. Moreover, the growth mechanism has been proposed, accompanied with simulation study. High‐performance photodetector based on ReS2 flake shows a high responsivity of 604 A·W−1, high external quantum efficiency of 1.50 × 105 %, and fast response time of 2 ms. ReS2 film‐based photodetector exhibits weaker performance than the flake one; however, it still demonstrates a much faster response time (≈103 ms) than other reported CVD‐grown ReS2‐based photodetector (≈104–105 ms). Such good properties of ReS2 render it a promising future in 2D optoelectronics.
Hexagonal single‐crystal ReS2 flakes and large‐area continuous polycrystalline bilayer ReS2 film are achieved via CVD method, and their possible growth mechanism is studied. Potential utilization of ReS2 in high performance photodetector is explored. A single‐crystal ReS2‐based photodetector is found to be of excellent photoresponsivity (604 A W−1), high external quantum efficiency (1.50 × 105%), and fast response time (2 ms), obviously superior to many other similar transition‐metal‐dichalcogenide‐based photodetectors.
Abstract
The clinical applications of magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) have been largely hindered by the poor magnetic-to-thermal conversion efficiency of MHT agents. Herein, we develop a facile ...and efficient strategy for engineering encapsulin-produced magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites (eMIONs) via a green biomineralization procedure. We demonstrate that eMIONs have excellent magnetic saturation and remnant magnetization properties, featuring superior magnetic-to-thermal conversion efficiency with an ultrahigh specific absorption rate of 2390 W/g to overcome the critical issues of MHT. We also show that eMIONs act as a nanozyme and have enhanced catalase-like activity in the presence of an alternative magnetic field, leading to tumor angiogenesis inhibition with a corresponding sharp decrease in the expression of HIF-1α. The inherent excellent magnetic-heat capability, coupled with catalysis-triggered tumor suppression, allows eMIONs to provide an MRI-guided magneto-catalytic combination therapy, which may open up a new avenue for bench-to-bed translational research of MHT.
Insect neuropeptides play an important role in regulating physiological functions such as growth, development, behavior and reproduction. We identified temperature‐sensitive neuropeptides and ...receptor genes of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. We identified 38 neuropeptide precursor genes and 35 neuropeptide receptors and constructed a phylogenetic tree using additional data from other insects. As temperature adaptability enables B. tabaci to colonize a diversity of habitats, we performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction with two temperature stresses (low = 4 °C and high = 40 °C) to screen for temperature‐sensitive neuropeptides. We found many neuropeptides and receptors that may be involved in the temperature adaptability of B. tabaci. This study is the first to identify B. tabaci neuropeptides and their receptors, and it will help to reveal the roles of neuropeptides in temperature adaptation of B. tabaci.
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