An Image of Society Metaxa, Danaë; Gan, Michelle A.; Goh, Su ...
Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction,
04/2021, Letnik:
5, Številka:
CSCW1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Algorithmically-mediated content is both a product and producer of dominant social narratives, and it has the potential to impact users' beliefs and behaviors. We present two studies on the content ...and impact of gender and racial representation in image search results for common occupations. In Study 1, we compare 2020 workforce gender and racial composition to that reflected in image search. We find evidence of underrepresentation on both dimensions: women are underrepresented in search at a rate of 42% women for a field with 50% women; people of color are underrepresented with 16% in search compared to an occupation with 22% people of color (the latter being proportional to the U.S. workforce). We also compare our gender representation data with that collected in 2015 by Kay et al., finding little improvement in the last half-decade. In Study 2, we study people's impressions of occupations and sense of belonging in a given field when shown search results with different proportions of women and people of color. We find that both axes of representation as well as people's own racial and gender identities impact their experience of image search results. We conclude by emphasizing the need for designers and auditors of algorithms to consider the disparate impacts of algorithmic content on users of marginalized identities.
Critically ill patients who do not receive invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are a growing population, experiencing complex interventions that may impair dietary intake and nutrition-related ...outcomes.
The objectives of this study were to quantify intake and nutrition-related outcomes of non-IMV critically ill patients and to establish feasibility of methods to measure nutrition-related outcomes in this population.
Non-IMV adult patients expected to remain in the intensive care unit (ICU) for ≥24 h were eligible. Nutrition-related outcomes were assessed at baseline by subjective global assessment (SGA); on alternate study days by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), calf circumference (CC), and ultrasound of quadriceps muscle layer thickness (QMLT); and daily by body weight and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Data were censored at day 5 or ICU discharge. Dietary intake from all sources, including oral intake via investigator-led weighed food records, was quantified on days 1–3. Feasibility was defined as data completion rate ≥70%. Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median interquartile range (IQR).
Twenty-three patients consented (50% male; 53 42–64 y; ICU stay: 2.8 1.9–4.0 d). Nutrition-related outcomes at baseline and ICU discharge were as follows: MUAC: 33.2 (8.6) cm (n = 18) and 29.3 (5.4) cm (n = 6); CC: 39.5 (7.4) cm (n = 16) and 37.5 (6.2) cm (n = 6); body weight: 95.3 (34.8) kg (n = 19) and 95.6 (41.0) kg (n = 10); and QMLT: 2.6 (0.8) cm (n = 15) and 2.5 (0.3) cm (n = 5), respectively. Oral intake provided 3155 1942–5580 kJ and 32 20–53 g protein, with poor appetite identified as a major barrier. MUAC, CC, QMLT, and SGA were feasible, while BIA and body weight were not.
Oral intake in critically ill patients not requiring IMV is below estimated requirements, largely because of poor appetite. The small sample and short study duration were not sufficient to quantify changes in nutrition-related outcomes. MUAC, CC, QMLT, and SGA are feasible methods to assess nutrition-related outcomes at a single time point in this population.
Accelerometer Ranges for Different Static Postures Gan, Michelle; Liang, Shyr-Yi Maria Veronica; Obciana, Angelica May M. ...
2018 IEEE 10th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology,Communication and Control, Environment and Management (HNICEM),
2018-Nov.
Conference Proceeding
This study analyzes accelerometer patterns from a wearable posture monitoring device worn on the upper back with the purpose of quantifying different postural characteristics. Reliable angular and ...raw accelerometer inclination data ranges of the human back is then generated in response to different static postures like proper standing, sitting, and proper exercise postures such as plank, superman, squat, side plank, etc. With this study, wearable posture training devices can incorporate accurate data ranges for different uses such as to effectively train users into proper standing, to monitor static postures, to read exercise postures being performed and many more. As the number of sedentary individuals continue to grow and as people's lives become increasingly idle over time, a need for a reliable posture training or monitoring tech arises to help this growing number of individuals minimize, if not eliminate, bad postural habits.
Postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI) is a common complication of major surgery that is strongly associated with short-term surgical complications and long-term adverse outcomes, including ...increased risk of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular events and death. Risk factors for PO-AKI include older age and comorbid diseases such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. PO-AKI is best defined as AKI occurring within 7 days of an operative intervention using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definition of AKI; however, additional prognostic information may be gained from detailed clinical assessment and other diagnostic investigations in the form of a focused kidney health assessment (KHA). Prevention of PO-AKI is largely based on identification of high baseline risk, monitoring and reduction of nephrotoxic insults, whereas treatment involves the application of a bundle of interventions to avoid secondary kidney injury and mitigate the severity of AKI. As PO-AKI is strongly associated with long-term adverse outcomes, some form of follow-up KHA is essential; however, the form and location of this will be dictated by the nature and severity of the AKI. In this Consensus Statement, we provide graded recommendations for AKI after non-cardiac surgery and highlight priorities for future research.
It is critical to understand how human quiescent long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) sense demand from daily and stress-mediated cues and then transition into bioenergetically active progeny ...to differentiate and meet these cellular needs. However, the demand-adapted regulatory circuits of these early steps of hematopoiesis are largely unknown. Here we show that lysosomes, sophisticated nutrient-sensing and signaling centers, are regulated dichotomously by transcription factor EB (TFEB) and MYC to balance catabolic and anabolic processes required for activating LT-HSCs and guiding their lineage fate. TFEB-mediated induction of the endolysosomal pathway causes membrane receptor degradation, limiting LT-HSC metabolic and mitogenic activation, promoting quiescence and self-renewal, and governing erythroid-myeloid commitment. In contrast, MYC engages biosynthetic processes while repressing lysosomal catabolism, driving LT-HSC activation. Our study identifies TFEB-mediated control of lysosomal activity as a central regulatory hub for proper and coordinated stem cell fate determination.
Display omitted
•TFEB nuclear localization and lysosomal activity decreases upon LT-HSC activation•MYC drives LT-HSC metabolic and mitogenic activation and inhibits lysosomal genes•TFEB induces lysosomal degradation of TfR1, balancing myeloid/erythroid fate choices•TFEB and lysosomal activity preserve quiescence and enhance self-renewal of LT-HSCs
García-Prat et al. show that lysosomes are regulated dichotomously by TFEB and c-MYC and are crucial for regulating human LT-HSC quiescence, self-renewal, and erythroid/myeloid lineage specification. Anabolic-catabolic lysosomal activity, including endolysosomal degradation of membrane receptors such as TfR1, is required for environmental sensing and activation of LT-HSCs.
Intracellular pathogens have evolved to utilize normal cellular processes to complete their replicative cycles. Pathogens that interface with proliferative cell signaling pathways risk infections ...that can lead to cancers, but the factors that influence malignant outcomes are incompletely understood. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) predominantly cause benign hyperplasia in stratifying epithelial tissues. However, a subset of carcinogenic or "high-risk" HPV (hr-HPV) genotypes are etiologically linked to nearly 5% of all human cancers. Progression of hr-HPV-induced lesions to malignancies is characterized by increased expression of the E6 and E7 oncogenes and the oncogenic functions of these viral proteins have been widely studied. Yet, the mechanisms that regulate hr-HPV oncogene transcription and suppress their expression in benign lesions remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling, influenced by epithelial contact inhibition and tissue differentiation cues, regulates hr-HPV oncogene expression. Using monolayer cells, epithelial organotypic tissue models, and neoplastic tissue biopsy materials, we show that cell-extrinsic activation of ERK overrides cellular control to promote HPV oncogene expression and the neoplastic phenotype. Our data suggest that HPVs are adapted to use the EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling pathway to regulate their productive replicative cycles. Mechanistic studies show that EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling influences AP-1 transcription factor activity and AP-1 factor knockdown reduces oncogene transcription. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of EGFR, MEK, and ERK signaling quash HPV oncogene expression and the neoplastic phenotype, revealing a potential clinical strategy to suppress uncontrolled cell proliferation, reduce oncogene expression and treat HPV neoplasia.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) present a promising way to address gaps in mental health service provision. However, the relationship between user engagement and outcomes in the context ...of these interventions has not been established. This study addressed the current state of evidence on the relationship between engagement with DMHIs and mental health outcomes. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EmBASE databases were searched from inception to August 1, 2021. Original or secondary analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they examined the relationship between DMHI engagement and post-intervention outcome(s). Thirty-five studies were eligible for inclusion in the narrative review and 25 studies had sufficient data for meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses indicated that greater engagement was significantly associated with post-intervention mental health improvements, regardless of whether this relationship was explored using correlational
r
= 0.24, 95% CI (0.17, 0.32),
Z
= 6.29,
p
< 0.001 or between-groups designs Hedges'
g
= 0.40, 95% CI (0.097, 0.705),
p
= 0.010. This association was also consistent regardless of intervention type (unguided/guided), diagnostic status, or mental health condition targeted. This is the first review providing empirical evidence that engagement with DMHIs is associated with therapeutic gains. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Systematic Review Registration:
PROSPERO, identifier: CRD 42020184706.
Lifelong blood production requires long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), marked by stemness states involving quiescence and self-renewal, to transition into activated short-term HSCs ...(ST-HSCs) with reduced stemness. As few transcriptional changes underlie this transition, we used single-cell and bulk assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) on human HSCs and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) subsets to uncover chromatin accessibility signatures, one including LT-HSCs (LT/HSPC signature) and another excluding LT-HSCs (activated HSPC Act/HSPC signature). These signatures inversely correlated during early hematopoietic commitment and differentiation. The Act/HSPC signature contains CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding sites mediating 351 chromatin interactions engaged in ST-HSCs, but not LT-HSCs, enclosing multiple stemness pathway genes active in LT-HSCs and repressed in ST-HSCs. CTCF silencing derepressed stemness genes, restraining quiescent LT-HSCs from transitioning to activated ST-HSCs. Hence, 3D chromatin interactions centrally mediated by CTCF endow a gatekeeper function that governs the earliest fate transitions HSCs make by coordinating disparate stemness pathways linked to quiescence and self-renewal.
Display omitted
•Divergent chromatin accessibility signatures discriminate activated HSPCs from LT-HSCs•CTCF silencing in vivo restrains LT-HSCs from transitioning to ST-HSCs•CTCF sites engaged during activation govern 3D interactions repressing stemness genes•Dynamic 3D chromatin interactions coordinately regulate multiple stemness pathways
Long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) inactivate core stemness programs during activation and transition to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Takayama et al. show that CTCF binding site acquisition is a gatekeeper of this transition, coordinately repressing multiple LT-HSC stemness genes, by mediating 3D rearrangements specific to activated HSPCs.
There is some evidence that self-harm presentations in children and young people have increased over the past decade, yet there are few up-to-date studies examining these trends. This study aims to ...describe trends in the rates and severity of emergency department self-harm presentations for youth aged 5-24 years in New South Wales, Australia between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2020. We analysed self-harm hospital presentations using join point analysis to compare quarterly growth in rates and urgency of presentation since 2012 by age group and sex. Binomial logistic modelling was used to identify risks for re-presentation for self-harm, including age group, sex, country of birth, mode of arrival, inpatient status, triage category, rurality, and socio-economic disadvantage. In total, 83,111 self-harm presentations for 51,181 persons were analysed. Overall rates of self-harm among those aged 5-24 years increased by 2.4% (p < .001) per quarter in females and 1.6% (p < .001) per quarter in males, with statistically significant average quarterly increases observed across all age groups. Overall and age-specific self-harm triage urgency rates increased statistically significantly for potentially serious, and potentially- and immediately life-threatening categories. A higher likelihood of re-presentation to any emergency department for self-harm was associated with younger age, female, residing in a regional area, arriving by ambulance, admitted as an in-patient, and a more severe index self-harm presentation. Hospital self-harm presentations have been growing steadily over the past decade, with the greatest growth in the youngest people. Understanding the reasons for these sustained upward trends is a priority for suicide prevention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
