Public transit, especially urban rail systems, plays a vital role in shaping commuting patterns. Compared with census data and survey data, large-scale and real-time big data can track the impacts of ...urban policy implementations at finer spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, this study proposed a multi-level analytical framework using transit smartcard data to examine urban commuting dynamics in response to rail transit upgrades. The study area was Shenzhen, one of the most highly urbanized and densely populated cities in China, which provides the opportunity to examine the effects of rail transit upgrades on commuting patterns in a rapidly developing urban context. Changes in commuting patterns were examined at three levels: city, region, and individual. At the city level, we considered the average commuting time, commuting speed, and commuting distance across the whole city. At the region level, we analyzed changes in the job accessibility of residential zones. Finally, this study evaluated the potential effects of rail transit upgrades on the jobs-housing relationship at the individual level. Difference-in-difference models were used for causal inference between rail transit upgrades and commuting patterns. In the very short term, the opening of new rail transit lines resulted in no significant changes in overall commuting patterns across the whole city; however, two effects of rail transit upgrades on commuting patterns were identified. First, rail transit upgrades enhanced regional connectivity between residential zones and employment centers, thus improving job accessibility. Second, rail transit improvement increased the commuting distances of individuals and contributed to the separation of workplaces and residences. This study provides meaningful insights into the effects of rail transit upgrades on commuting patterns.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
TREX1 is an exonuclease that digests DNA in the cytoplasm. Loss-of-function mutations of TREX1 are linked to Aicardi–Goutieres Syndrome (AGS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans.Trex1−/−
...mice exhibit autoimmune and inflammatory phenotypes that are associated with elevated expression of interferon (IFN)-induced genes (ISGs). Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the IFN pathway. Upon binding to DNA, cGAS is activated to catalyze the synthesis of cGAMP, which functions as a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING to induce IFNs and other cytokines. Here we show that genetic ablation ofcGasinTrex1−/−
mice eliminated all detectable pathological and molecular phenotypes, including ISG induction, autoantibody production, aberrant T-cell activation, and lethality. Even deletion of just one allele ofcGaslargely rescued the phenotypes ofTrex1−/−
mice. Similarly, deletion ofcGasin mice lacking DNaseII, a lysosomal enzyme that digests DNA, rescued the lethal autoimmune phenotypes of theDNaseII−/−
mice. Through quantitative mass spectrometry, we found that cGAMP accumulated in mouse tissues deficient in Trex1 or DNaseII and that this accumulation was dependent on cGAS. These results demonstrate that cGAS activation causes the autoimmune diseases inTrex1−/−
andDNaseII−/−
mice and suggest that inhibition of cGASmay lead to prevention and treatment of some human autoimmune diseases caused by self-DNA.
The long-term pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors have not been studied in depth, thus many aspects are not understood.
COVID-19 survivors were ...recruited for high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax, lung function and serum levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody tests 3 months after discharge. The relationship between the clinical characteristics and the pulmonary function or CT scores were investigated.
Fifty-five recovered patients participated in this study. SARS-CoV-2 infection related symptoms were detected in 35 of them and different degrees of radiological abnormalities were detected in 39 patients. Urea nitrogen concentration at admission was associated with the presence of CT abnormalities (P = 0.046, OR 7.149, 95% CI 1.038 to 49.216). Lung function abnormalities were detected in 14 patients and the measurement of D-dimer levels at admission may be useful for prediction of impaired diffusion defect (P = 0.031, OR 1.066, 95% CI 1.006 to 1.129). Of all the subjects, 47 of 55 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG in serum, among which the generation of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in female patients was stronger than male patients in infection rehabilitation phase.
Radiological and physiological abnormalities were still found in a considerable proportion of COVID-19 survivors without critical cases 3 months after discharge. Higher level of D-dimer on admission could effectively predict impaired DLCO after 3 months discharge. It is necessary to follow up the COVID-19 patients to appropriately manage any persistent or emerging long-term sequelae.
Key Scientific Research Projects of Henan Higher Education Institutions
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a type of aggressive cancer without clinically relevant molecular subtypes, hindering the development of effective strategies for treatment. To define molecular subtypes of ...EC, we perform mass spectrometry-based proteomic and phosphoproteomics profiling of EC tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissues, revealing a catalog of proteins and phosphosites that are dysregulated in ECs. The EC cohort is stratified into two molecular subtypes-S1 and S2-based on proteomic analysis, with the S2 subtype characterized by the upregulation of spliceosomal and ribosomal proteins, and being more aggressive. Moreover, we identify a subtype signature composed of ELOA and SCAF4, and construct a subtype diagnostic and prognostic model. Potential drugs are predicted for treating patients of S2 subtype, and three candidate drugs are validated to inhibit EC. Taken together, our proteomic analysis define molecular subtypes of EC, thus providing a potential therapeutic outlook for improving disease outcomes in patients with EC.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is strongly considered as one of the most promising energy storage systems due to its high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, the sluggish reduction ...kinetics from Li2S4 to Li2S during discharge hinders the practical application of Li–S batteries. Although various electrocatalysts have been proposed to improve the reaction kinetics, the electrocatalytic mechanism is unclear due to the complexity of sulfur reduction reactions (SRR). It is crucial to understand the electrocatalytic mechanism thoroughly for designing advanced electrocatalysts. Herein an electrocatalytic model is constructed to reveal the chemical mechanism of the SRR in Li–S batteries based on systematical density functional theory calculations, taking heteroatoms‐doped carbon materials as an example. The adsorption energy of LiSy⋅ (y=1, 2, or 3) radicals is used as a key descriptor to predict the reaction pathway, rate‐determining step, and overpotential. A diagram for designing advanced electrocatalysts is accordingly constructed. This work establishes a theoretical model, which is an intelligent integration for probing the complicated SRR mechanisms and designing advanced electrocatalysts for high‐performance Li–S batteries.
An electrocatalytic model is proposed to probe the sulfur reduction reaction pathway in working lithium–sulfur batteries by considering the adsorption free energy of LiS⋅, LiS2⋅, and LiS3⋅ radicals as descriptors. With an overall consideration of ΔG(LiS3⋅*), ΔG(LiS2⋅*), and ΔG(LiS⋅*) descriptors, a regional diagram model is constructed to visualize the overpotential and rate‐determining step.
Safety and efficacy of allogeneic anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) in persons with CD19-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) relapsing after an allotransplant ...remain unclear. Forty-three subjects with B-ALL relapsing post allotransplant received CAR-T cells were analyzed. 34 (79%; 95% confidence interval CI: 66, 92%) achieved complete histological remission (CR). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in 38 (88%; 78, 98%) and was greater than or equal tograde-3 in 7. Two subjects died from multiorgan failure and CRS. Nine subjects (21%; 8, 34%) developed less than or equal tograde-2 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Two subjects developed less than or equal tograde-2 acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). 1-year event-free survival (EFS) and survival was 43% (25, 62%). In 32 subjects with a complete histological remission without a second transplant, 1-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 41% (25, 62%) and 1-year EFS and survival, 59% (37, 81%). Therapy of B-ALL subjects relapsing post transplant with donor-derived CAR-T cells is safe and effective but associated with a high rate of CRS. Outcomes seem comparable to those achieved with alternative therapies but data from a randomized trial are lacking.
Due to the increasingly serious problems of the greenhouse effect and environmental pollution caused by the continuous consumption of traditional fossil energy, renewable and clean energy (such as ...solar energy and wind energy) is facing new opportunities and challenges. However, renewable energy has intermittent and regional defects, and requires the assistance of large-scale energy storage systems, which put forward higher requirements for sustainable and low-cost energy storage technology. Due to the abundant reserves of sodium resources, sodium-ion batteries have been attracting more and more attention in recent years, and are considered as a beneficial supplement to lithium-ion batteries in the field of large-scale energy storage. However, there is still a lack of anode materials with excellent comprehensive properties to further improve the energy density of Na-ion batteries. Therefore, the industrialization of SIBs is of great significance to develop anode materials with excellent performance, low cost and easy availability. In this study, impurities were removed from anthracite coal by a combination of concentrated alkali high temperature pretreatment and concentrated acid treatment, followed by high temperature calcination to obtain hard carbon materials. The WYM affords an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 267.7 mA h g
−1
at 50 mA g
−1
, a high rate performance of 158.4 mA h g
−1
at 5 A g
−1
, and long-term cycling stability at 5 A g
−1
(∼83.3% retention after 2000 cycles). These excellent properties meet the requirements of practical applications and lay the foundation for the industrial production of low-cost, high-safety sodium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage.
Due to the increasingly serious problems of the greenhouse effect and environmental pollution caused by the continuous consumption of traditional fossil energy, renewable and clean energy (such as solar energy and wind energy) is facing new opportunities and challenges.
Reduced-dimensional perovskites are attractive light-emitting materials due to their efficient luminescence, color purity, tunable bandgap, and structural diversity. A major limitation in perovskite ...light-emitting diodes is their limited operational stability. Here we demonstrate that rapid photodegradation arises from edge-initiated photooxidation, wherein oxidative attack is powered by photogenerated and electrically-injected carriers that diffuse to the nanoplatelet edges and produce superoxide. We report an edge-stabilization strategy wherein phosphine oxides passivate unsaturated lead sites during perovskite crystallization. With this approach, we synthesize reduced-dimensional perovskites that exhibit 97 ± 3% photoluminescence quantum yields and stabilities that exceed 300 h upon continuous illumination in an air ambient. We achieve green-emitting devices with a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 14% at 1000 cd m
; their maximum luminance is 4.5 × 10
cd m
(corresponding to an EQE of 5%); and, at 4000 cd m
, they achieve an operational half-lifetime of 3.5 h.
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on excitonic material systems, in which tightly bound photoexcited electron–hole pairs migrate together rather than as individual charge carriers, offer an ...attractive route to developing solution-processed, high-performance light emitters. Here, we demonstrate bright, efficient, excitonic infrared LEDs through the incorporation of quantum dots (QDs)1 into a low-dimensional perovskite matrix. We program the surface of the QDs to trigger fast perovskite nucleation to achieve homogeneous incorporation of QDs into the matrix without detrimental QD aggregation, as verified by in situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray spectroscopy. We tailor the distribution of the perovskites to drive balanced ultrafast excitonic energy transfer to the QDs. The resulting LEDs operate in the short-wavelength infrared region, an important regime for imaging and sensing applications, and exhibit a high external quantum efficiency of 8.1% at 980 nm at a radiance of up to 7.4 W Sr−1 m−2.Embedding perovskite quantum dots in perovskite leads to bright, efficient 980 nm LEDs with applications in imaging and sensing.
This study was to explore a novel IL-33/ST2/IL-9/IL-9R signaling pathway that disrupts ocular surface barrier and amplifies allergic inflammation. Two murine models of experimental allergic ...conjunctivitis (EAC) and IL-9 topical challenge in wild type Balb/c and ST2
mice, and two culture models of primarily human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and mouse CD4
T cells were performed. Clinical manifestations, Oregon-Green Dextran (OGD) staining, the apical junction complexes (AJCs), IL-33/ST2 and IL-9/IL-9R signaling molecules were evaluated in ocular surface and its draining cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) by RT-qPCR, immunostaining and ELISA. The typical allergic signs, enhanced OGD staining intensity, disrupted morphology of AJCs, including ZO-1, claudin 1, occludin, and E-cadherin, and the stimulated signaling of IL-33/ST2 and IL-9/IL-9R were observed in ocular mucosa and draining CLNs in EAC-Balb/c mice, but significantly reduced or eliminated in EAC-ST2
mice. Topical challenge of IL-9 resulted in the obvious OGD staining and disrupted ocular surface AJCs in Balb/c mice and in HCECs in vitro. IL-9 production was found to be stimulated by IL-33 in CD4
cells from Balb/c mice in vitro. Our findings uncovered a novel phenomenon and mechanism by which ocular surface barrier integrity is disrupted in allergic conjunctivitis by IL-33/ST2/IL-9/IL-9R signaling pathway, which may amplify the allergic inflammation.
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