Respondeat Superior I Salvador Coderch, Pablo; Gómez Ligüerre, Carlos Ignacio; Rubí Puig, Antoni ...
InDret,
2002
2
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Las personas físicas responden por su propia conducta negligente y dañina. Pero, con frecuencia -con frecuencia mucho mayor- las personas físicas y jurídicas responden por el hecho de otro, es decir, ...por la conducta negligente y dañina de un tercero vinculado con el responsable por una relación de agencia, dependencia u otras similares determinadas por la ley o por el case law. Se habla entonces de responsabilidad vicaria o por el hecho de otro (Respondeat Superior). Las mayores solvencia y capacidad de afrontar los costes de transacción de quien ha de responder por el hecho ajeno justifican que lo haga antes que el causante del daño o en lugar suyo. En el derecho español, coexisten con cierta dificultad tres sistemas de responsabilidad por el hecho de otro: uno, administrativo, para los daños causados por funcionarios y empleados públicos (arts. 145 y 146 Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre, de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común); otro, civil, para los causados por particulares a otros particulares (Código Civil de 1889, últimamente modificado en 1991); y un tercero, también civil -pero aplicado por los tribunales penales-, para los daños causados por hechos tipificados como delito o falta por el Código Penal de 1995 y otras leyes penales (art. 120 CP). En esta primera entrega, Respondeat Superior I, InDret analiza brevemente la regulación legal de la responsabilidad patrimonial de las Administraciones Públicas, que es el paradigma de la responsabilidad vicaria en derecho español. Sin embargo, no es un sistema autocontenido, pues la corrección de su funcionamiento depende de la buena práctica de la gestión administrativa ordinaria, de la aplicación del régimen general de la función pública -y en particular, de su régimen disciplinario- y de la responsabilidad política de los cargos electos y gestores públicos. En la segunda parte del trabajo, Respondeat Superior II, se analizarán los sistemas civiles de responsabilidad vicaria regulados por los Códigos Civil y Penal, así como por la Ley Orgánica de Responsabilidad Penal del Menor
Building Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is highly multidisciplinary as it requires mastering several disciplines such as embedded computing, control and communications theory. It therefore seems ...appropriate setting challenges to students in the final years of study in this area. This paper presents an educational experience developed by the students of Computer Engineering in Management and Information Systems Degree at the University College of Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz. As part of an elective course in the last year students developed a small project where they could apply and reinforce concepts learned in previous courses. This experience allowed the students to reinforce skills already acquired in previous courses (like programming, operating systems, and communication networks) and other generic skills of such as effectively working in groups, integrating different technologies, proactive problem solving, or cope with the complexity of the systems.
In 1993 the NIH (National Institute of Health) Consensus Conference on Impotence defined erectile dysfunction as the permanent incompetence to start or maintain an erection enough to enable ...satisfactory sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent disorder that affects negatively quality of life of males suffering it. Its prevalence varies between different countries, cultures and races. The first population studies published date from early 90's and still keep their validity. All of them show the influence of age on prevalence of ED, as well as its close relationship with cardiovascular diseases. Depending on the definition used and study design prevalence varies from 10 to 52%, mainly in men between 40-70 years, with an incidence in western countries between 25-30 new cases per 1000 inhabitants year.
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are important for dopamine neurons in health and disease. Acidic (aFGF) and basic (bFGF) fibroblast growth factors increase the survival and growth of dopamine cells. ...Nigrostriatal dopamine neurons, the target cells for degeneration in Parkinson's disease, display receptors for basic fibroblast growth factor and these receptors are decreased in the brain of parkinsonian patients. We have investigated the effects of long-term intrastriatal infusion of FGFs in hemiparkinsonian monkeys. All animals were lesioned with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 0.4
mg
kg
−1, into the left internal carotid artery. The monkeys that had persistent asymmetric akinesia and contralateral rotation induced by apomorphine, were selected for chronic, unilateral, intracerebral infusion of neurotrophic factors or vehicle into the striatum ipsilateral to the lesion. Two animals received intrastriatal aFGF or bFGF, 2
μg
week
−1, for 6 months. The controls received intrastriatal saline or intraventricular epidermal growth factor (EGF). F-DOPA positron emission tomography scans were performed in each animal before and after the intracerebral infusion of neurotrophic factors. We measured the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra and terminals in the striatum and evaluated the pathological complications related to the treatment or the delivery system. All four animals had, after the lesion with MPTP, a transient but incomplete recovery of akinesia. This period of spontaneous improvement was followed by a progressive deterioration of motor behaviour during the following months. The monkeys treated with FGFs, however, recovered quickly and persistently during the intracerebral infusion. F-DOPA uptake, prior to the intracerebral infusion, was greatly reduced in the lesioned striatum. The post-infusion F-DOPA scans revealed a 60% reduction respect to baseline in the lesioned striatum of the saline and EGF-infused animals. In the animals infused with FGFs, the post-infusion F-DOPA uptake increased more than 400% in the lesioned (and infused) striatum and around 200–300% in the contralateral side, with respect to the pre-infusion scan. The number of TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra correlated well with the uptake of F-DOPA in the post-infusion scan. No severe side-effects were present. Intrastriatal infusion of FGFs restores motor behaviour and increases F-DOPA striatal uptake in hemiparkinsonian monkeys.
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