Resumen: Introducción: No se ha aclarado suficientemente el papel de la disfunción diafragmática estimada mediante ecografía como predictora del fracaso de la extubación. Métodos: Realizamos una ...revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios observacionales que incluyeron pacientes intubados sometidos a ventilación mecánica (VM), a los que se realizó una ecografía diafragmática uni- o bilateral para evaluar la disfunción diafragmática antes de la extubación. Se efectuó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed y Embase entre el primero de enero de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2019, utilizando los términos diaphragm ultrasound, diaphragm ultrasonography, weaning y extubation. Definimos fracaso del destete como la necesidad de reintubación y soporte con VMI o fracaso de la prueba de respiración espontánea (PRE). Se utilizaron como medidas ecográficas para predecir el fracaso del destete en pacientes intubados sometidos a VM la excursión diafragmática (ED), la fracción de engrosamiento diafragmático (FEG), el tiempo hasta la amplitud del pico inspiratorio del diafragma (TAPI dia), puntuación de ultrasonido pulmonar modificada (PUPm) y el índice de tiempo de excursión diafragmática (ITED). Secundariamente, evaluamos su utilidad para predecir la muerte por cualquier causa, la duración de la estancia hospitalaria y la necesidad de ventilación no invasiva (VMNI) o de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo tras el destete. Para la agregación de datos se utilizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios, la odds ratio (OR) y sus intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. La heterogeneidad de los estudios originales se evaluó mediante el estadístico I2. En todos los análisis, los niveles de significación fueron bilaterales y se consideraron significativos los valores de p < 0,05. Resultados: Incluimos un total de 18 estudios prospectivos que reclutaron 1.229 pacientes intubados sometidos a VM. El destete fracasó en 254 de los 490 (52%) pacientes con disfunción diafragmática, comparado con 117 de los 739 (16%) pacientes sin disfunción diafragmática. La presencia de disfunción diafragmática evaluada por ecografía se asoció significativamente con el fracaso del destete en los siete primeros días después de la extubación (OR 8,2; IC 95%, 4,7-14,2; p < 0,0001; I2 = 66%). Los resultados fueron consistentes para los estudios que evaluaron el diafragma de forma uni- o bilateral. Conclusiones: La disfunción diafragmática evaluada por ecografía se asocia al fracaso del destete en los siete primeros días después de la extubación. Abstract: Introduction: The evaluation of diaphragmatic dysfunction by ultrasound as a predictor of extubation failure lacks of standardization. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that included patients intubated on mechanical ventilation, and who received unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic ultrasound to evaluate diaphragmatic dysfunction prior to extubation. We searched the Pubmed and Embase databases from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2019 using the terms «diaphragm ultrasound, diaphragm ultrasonography», «weaning» and «extubation». We defined weaning failure as the need of intubation with invasive ventilacion or failure in spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). The echographic measures used for predicting weaning failure in intubated patients were diaphragmatic excursion (DE), diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF), time to peak inspiratory amplitude of the diaphragm (TPIA dia), modified lung ultrasound score (LUSm) y el excursion time index (ET index).We evaluated the usefulness of ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic dysfunction to predict the primary outcome of weaning failure in intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were mortality, hospital stay and the need for noninvasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy after weaning in this group of patients. Random effects model, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used for data aggregation. The heterogeneity of the original studies was evaluated using the I2 statistic. In all analyses, significance levels were bilateral and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: We included a total of 18 prospective studies that recruited 1 229 intubated patients on mechanical ventilation. Weaning failed in 254 of the 490 (52%) patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction, compared with 117 of the 739 (16%) patients without diaphragmatic dysfunction. The presence of ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic dysfunction was significantly associated with weaning failure within 7 days after extubation (18 cohorts, 1 229 patients; odds ratio OR 8.2; 95% confidence interval CI, 4.7-14,2; p < 0.0001; I2 = 66%). The results were consistent for studies that performed unilateral or bilateral assessment of diaphragmatic function. Conclusions: Diaphragmatic dysfunction evaluated by ultrasound is significantly associated with weaning failure in the first 7 days after extubation.
No se ha aclarado suficientemente el papel de la disfunción diafragmática estimada mediante ecografía como predictora del fracaso de la extubación.
Realizamos una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis ...de estudios observacionales que incluyeron pacientes intubados sometidos a ventilación mecánica (VM), a los que se realizó una ecografía diafragmática uni- o bilateral para evaluar la disfunción diafragmática antes de la extubación. Se efectuó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed y Embase entre el primero de enero de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2019, utilizando los términos diaphragm ultrasound, diaphragm ultrasonography, weaning y extubation. Definimos fracaso del destete como la necesidad de reintubación y soporte con VMI o fracaso de la prueba de respiración espontánea (PRE). Se utilizaron como medidas ecográficas para predecir el fracaso del destete en pacientes intubados sometidos a VM la excursión diafragmática (ED), la fracción de engrosamiento diafragmático (FEG), el tiempo hasta la amplitud del pico inspiratorio del diafragma (TAPI dia), puntuación de ultrasonido pulmonar modificada (PUPm) y el índice de tiempo de excursión diafragmática (ITED). Secundariamente, evaluamos su utilidad para predecir la muerte por cualquier causa, la duración de la estancia hospitalaria y la necesidad de ventilación no invasiva (VMNI) o de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo tras el destete. Para la agregación de datos se utilizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios, la odds ratio (OR) y sus intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%. La heterogeneidad de los estudios originales se evaluó mediante el estadístico I2. En todos los análisis, los niveles de significación fueron bilaterales y se consideraron significativos los valores de p < 0,05.
Incluimos un total de 18 estudios prospectivos que reclutaron 1.229 pacientes intubados sometidos a VM. El destete fracasó en 254 de los 490 (52%) pacientes con disfunción diafragmática, comparado con 117 de los 739 (16%) pacientes sin disfunción diafragmática. La presencia de disfunción diafragmática evaluada por ecografía se asoció significativamente con el fracaso del destete en los siete primeros días después de la extubación (OR 8,2; IC 95%, 4,7-14,2; p < 0,0001; I2 = 66%). Los resultados fueron consistentes para los estudios que evaluaron el diafragma de forma uni- o bilateral.
La disfunción diafragmática evaluada por ecografía se asocia al fracaso del destete en los siete primeros días después de la extubación.
The evaluation of diaphragmatic dysfunction by ultrasound as a predictor of extubation failure lacks of standardization.
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that included patients intubated on mechanical ventilation, and who received unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic ultrasound to evaluate diaphragmatic dysfunction prior to extubation. We searched the Pubmed and Embase databases from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2019 using the terms «diaphragm ultrasound, diaphragm ultrasonography», «weaning» and «extubation». We defined weaning failure as the need of intubation with invasive ventilacion or failure in spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). The echographic measures used for predicting weaning failure in intubated patients were diaphragmatic excursion (DE), diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF), time to peak inspiratory amplitude of the diaphragm (TPIA dia), modified lung ultrasound score (LUSm) y el excursion time index (ET index).We evaluated the usefulness of ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic dysfunction to predict the primary outcome of weaning failure in intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were mortality, hospital stay and the need for noninvasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy after weaning in this group of patients. Random effects model, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used for data aggregation. The heterogeneity of the original studies was evaluated using the I2 statistic. In all analyses, significance levels were bilateral and p values < 0.05 were considered significant.
We included a total of 18 prospective studies that recruited 1 229 intubated patients on mechanical ventilation. Weaning failed in 254 of the 490 (52%) patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction, compared with 117 of the 739 (16%) patients without diaphragmatic dysfunction. The presence of ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic dysfunction was significantly associated with weaning failure within 7 days after extubation (18 cohorts, 1 229 patients; odds ratio OR 8.2; 95% confidence interval CI, 4.7-14,2; p < 0.0001; I2 = 66%). The results were consistent for studies that performed unilateral or bilateral assessment of diaphragmatic function.
Diaphragmatic dysfunction evaluated by ultrasound is significantly associated with weaning failure in the first 7 days after extubation.
Little information is available about the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with atherogenic dyslipidemia and the contribution of sleep characteristics to lipid alterations. We compare ...dyslipidemia prevalence among non-apneic subjects and mild-severe OSA patients to identify the sleep characteristics that are independently associated with dyslipidemia and serum lipid levels in OSA patients.
We recruited 809 consecutive patients who had been referred for polysomnography study by OSA suspicion. Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and comorbidities were recorded. Spirometry and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed the same day of the sleep study. The day after attended polysomnography, fasting blood samples were drawn to measure the lipid profile.
Dyslipidemia prevalence increased with the presence of OSA, from non-OSA subjects to mild, moderate and severe OSA patients (31%, 33%, 42% and 51%, respectively; p < 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index and smoking habit, only severe OSA had an independent association with dyslipidemia when compared to non-OSA subjects (adjusted odds ratio 1.71, 95%CI 1.09 to 2.69, p = 0.019). In OSA patients, multivariate logistic regression identified active smoking, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and mean nocturnal saturation as variables independently associated with dyslipidemia. However, in these patients, arousal index, slow wave sleep duration and REM latency were also independently associated with cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels.
The association between dyslipidemia and OSA is limited to severe patients, with high AHI and nocturnal hypoxemia. However, sleep fragmentation and increased sympathetic activity could also contribute to OSA-related lipid dysregulation.
•Severe obstructive sleep apnea is associated with dislipidemia.•Arousal index and slow wave sleep duration are also related to lipid profile.•Intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and sympathetic activity could contribute to lipid metabolism dysregulation.
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with higher cancer incidence, tumour aggressiveness and cancer mortality, as well as greater severity of infections, which have been attributed to an ...immune deregulation. We studied the expression of programmed cell death (PD)-1 receptor and its ligand (PD-L1) on immune cells from patients with OSA, and its consequences on immune-suppressing activity. We report that PD-L1 was overexpressed on monocytes and PD-1 was overexpressed on CD8
T-cells in a severity-dependent manner. PD-L1 and PD-1 overexpression were induced in both the human
and murine models of intermittent hypoxia, as well as by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α transfection. PD-L1/PD-1 crosstalk suppressed T-cell proliferation and activation of autologous T-lymphocytes and impaired the cytotoxic activity of CD8
T-cells. In addition, monocytes from patients with OSA exhibited high levels of retinoic acid related orphan receptor, which might explain the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Intermittent hypoxia upregulated the PD-L1/PD-1 crosstalk in patients with OSA, resulting in a reduction in CD8
T-cell activation and cytotoxicity, providing biological plausibility to the increased incidence and aggressiveness of cancer and the higher risk of infections described in these patients.
We present the case of a patient with multiple system atrophy who presented with central apnea as the only sleep disordered breathing, associated with REM behavior disorder and restless legs ...syndrome. This presentation of the disease is unusual and probably reflects more widespread involvement at the onset. With this case, we show the importance of considering this kind of disease in the differential diagnosis of central sleep apnea syndromes.
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