The Great Lakes (GL) in North America are among the largest freshwater resources on the planet facing serious eutrophication problems as a result of excessive nutrient loadings due to population and ...economic growth. More than a third of Canada's GDP is generated in and around the GL. Hence, the economic interests affected by pollution and pollution control are high. New policies to reduce pollution are often insufficiently informed due to the lack of integrated models and methods that provide decision‐makers insight into the direct and indirect economic impacts of their policies. This study fills this knowledge gap and estimates the impacts of different total phosphorus (TP) restriction policy scenarios across the GL. A first of its kind multi‐regional hydro‐economic model is built for the Canadian GL, extended to include TP emissions from point and non‐point sources. This optimization model is furthermore extended with a pollution abatement cost function that allows sectors to also take technical measures to meet the imposed pollution reduction targets. The latter is a promising new avenue for extending existing hydro‐economic input‐output modeling frameworks. The results show decision‐makers the least cost‐way to achieve different TP emission reduction targets. The estimated cost to reduce TP emissions by 40% in all GL amounts to a total annual cost of 3 billion Canadian dollars or 0.15% of Canada's GDP. The cost structure changes substantially as policy targets become more stringent, increasing the share of indirect costs and affecting not only the economic activities around the GL, but the economy of Canada as a whole due to the tightly interwoven economic structure.
Key Points
Excessive nutrient loadings into the Great Lakes (GL), resulting in eutrophication and increasingly frequent outbreaks of harmful algal blooms, have sparked government‐promoted reductions of total phosphorus (TP) emissions from point and non‐point sources in and around the GL
A new hydro‐economic model is developed to guide policy and decision‐making to achieve TP emission reduction targets in a least‐cost way for the GL and Canadian economy, using economic optimization and accounting for trade flows between economic activities inside and outside the GL basin
The estimated least‐cost way to reduce TP emissions by 40% in all GL amounts to a total annual cost of 3 billion Canadian dollars or 0.15% of Canada's GDP. The cost structure changes substantially as policy targets become more stringent, increasing the share of indirect costs, affecting not only the economic activities around the GL, but the economy of Canada as a whole due to the tightly interwoven economic structure
In this trial, the addition of six cycles of docetaxel to androgen-deprivation therapy resulted in longer median progression-free and overall survival than that with ADT alone in patients with ...metastatic prostate cancer.
Regressions of metastatic prostate cancer were first documented in the 1940s and were achieved with surgical castration; subsequently, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) became the mainstay of therapy.
1
Attempts to improve the efficacy or decrease the treatment burden of ADT have included the use of antiandrogens alone, intermittent dosing of ADT, and the use of an antiandrogen combined with medical or surgical castration.
2
–
4
A meta-analysis revealed an increase in survival of 3 percentage points at 5 years with concurrent use of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen at the time of initiation of ADT.
2
However, resistance to ADT occurs in most patients, with the . . .
We report herein selective catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines with the use of the non-pincer Mn(I) compound fac-(CO)3Mn{iPr2P(CH2)2PiPr2}(OTf) (2) as a catalytic precursor (3 ...mol %) in the presence of KO t Bu (10 mol %) and 2-BuOH as solvent. Benchmark benzonitrile and electron-rich aromatic and aliphatic nitriles were hydrogenated under rather mild conditions (7 bar, 90 °C, 15 min) to produce the corresponding amines in excellent to very good isolated yields (83–97%, six examples). Increasing the H2 pressure and time (35 bar, 30 min) allowed for the production of (di)amines in excellent yields (94–98%, three examples) from electron-deficient aromatic nitriles and terephthalonitrile. Notably, adiponitrile was reduced to hexamethylenediamine in 53% isolated yield. Finally, mechanistic insights were performed and suggested unsaturated Mn-hydride species performing the elementary steps during catalytic turnover.
A novel sensor was developed in order to determine dopamine (DP) and uric acid (UA) by adsorptive voltammetry, using optimal amounts of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) dispersed in chitosan ...solution (cs) and deposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The electrode surface (cs-SWCNT/SPCE) was treated with the ionic liquid (IL) 1 butyl-3-metilimidazolium tetrafluorborate (BMIMBP4). The electro-catalytic properties of the cs-SWCNT-IL/SPCE were studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrode surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anodic peak currents for DP and UA with BMIMBP4 in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) increased by 17.0 and 70.0% respectively. Optimal parameters were (pH 2.4; adsorption time; tADS 100s and adsorption potential; EADS -0.10 V). Anodic peak currents were proportional to the concentration between 0.5 and 5.0 μmol L−1 using standard solutions of PD and UA respectively, and 0.50–30.0 μmol L−1 for DP and 0.50–1000 μmol L−1 for UA with real samples. Detection limits were 0.16 μmol L−1 for DP and 0.17 μmol L−1 for UA. The sensor was used in the determination of AU and DP in human urine samples spiked with quantities of DP with recovery between 85 and 102% for DA and UA respectively.
Purpose Docetaxel added to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) significantly increases the longevity of some patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Herein, we present the outcomes ...of the CHAARTED (Chemohormonal Therapy Versus Androgen Ablation Randomized Trial for Extensive Disease in Prostate Cancer) trial with more mature follow-up and focus on tumor volume. Patients and Methods In this phase III study, 790 patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer were equally randomly assigned to receive either ADT in combination with docetaxel 75 mg/m
for up to six cycles or ADT alone. The primary end point of the study was overall survival (OS). Additional analyses of the prospectively defined low- and high-volume disease subgroups were performed. High-volume disease was defined as presence of visceral metastases and/or ≥ four bone metastases with at least one outside of the vertebral column and pelvis. Results At a median follow-up of 53.7 months, the median OS was 57.6 months for the chemohormonal therapy arm versus 47.2 months for ADT alone (hazard ratio HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.89; P = .0018). For patients with high-volume disease (n = 513), the median OS was 51.2 months with chemohormonal therapy versus 34.4 months with ADT alone (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.79; P < .001). For those with low-volume disease (n = 277), no OS benefit was observed (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.55; P = .86). Conclusion The clinical benefit from chemohormonal therapy in prolonging OS was confirmed for patients with high-volume disease; however, for patients with low-volume disease, no OS benefit was discerned.
Limiting the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is one ofthe largest challenges of our generation1. Because carbon capture and storage is one of the few viable technologies that can mitigate current ...CO2 emissions2, much effort is focused on developing solid adsorbents that can efficiently capture CO2 from flue gases emitted from anthropogenic sources3. One class of materials that has attracted considerable interest in this context is metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), in which the careful combination of organic ligands with metal-ion nodes can, in principle, give rise to innumerable structurally and chemically distinct nanoporous MOFs. However, many MOFs that are optimized for the separation of CO2 from nitrogen4-7 do not perform well when using realistic flue gas that contains water, because water competes with CO2 for the same adsorption sites and thereby causes the materials to lose their selectivity. Although flue gases can be dried, this renders the capture process prohibitively expensive8,9. Here we show that data mining of a computational screening library of over 300,000 MOFs can identify different classes of strong CO2binding sites-which we term 'adsorbaphores'-that endow MOFs with CO2/N2 selectivity that persists in wet flue gases. We subsequently synthesized two waterstable MOFs containing the most hydrophobic adsorbaphore, and found that their carbon-capture performance is not affected by water and outperforms that of some commercial materials. Testing the performance of these MOFs in an industrial setting and consideration of the full capture process-including the targeted CO2 sink, such as geological storage or serving as a carbon source for the chemical industry-will be necessary to identify the optimal separation material.
To develop a new method to quantify visually-enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) gain, in patients with vestibular function loss, that is mathematically suitable given the nature of the test, and ...determine the reliability of the method by comparing results with those of the gold standard, the video head impulse test (vHIT).
We developed a new method for VVOR gain quantification and conducted a cross-sectional study in patients diagnosed with vestibular function loss and controls, all participants undergoing both a VVOR test and a vHIT. We measured VVOR gain with three different methods: area under the curve (AUC), slope regression, and a Fourier method (VVOR
, VVOR
, and VVOR
, respectively); and compared these gain values with vHIT gain calculated using the AUC method.
Overall, 111 patients were included: 29 healthy subjects and 82 patients with vestibular function loss. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(1,1)) between gain from the gold standard and each of the VVOR gain methods were: 0.68 (CI: 0.61-0.75) for VVOR
, 0.66 (CI: 0.58-0.73) for VVOR
and 0.71 (CI: 0.64-0.77) for VVOR
. No interference was found between VVOR gain calculation methods and potentially influential variables considered (p ≥ 0.98).
The new method for quantifying VVOR gain showed good concordance with the vHIT method.
2: Individual cross-sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding (Diagnosis) Laryngoscope, 133:3554-3563, 2023.
Mn-, Fe-, Co-, and Ni-based catalytic precursors have been reported for the homogeneous 3d transition-metal-catalyzed hydrogenation of nitriles. We present herein a critical assessment of such ...reports, emphasizing experimental setups, selectivity patterns, and mechanistic aspects fashioning this growing field. Moreover, its successes, drawbacks, and challenges are highlighted to outline what is next in the design of catalytic systems for future years.
Mechanistic models of community assembly state that biotic and abiotic filters constrain species establishment through selection on their functional traits. Predicting this assembly process is ...hampered because few studies directly incorporate environmental measurements and scale up from species to community level and because the functional traits' significance is environment dependent. We analyzed community assembly by measuring structure, environmental conditions, and species traits of secondary forests in a species-rich tropical system. We found, as hypothesized, that community structure shaped the local environment and that strong relationships existed between this environment and the traits of the most successful species of the regeneration communities. Path and multivariate analyses showed that temperature and leaf traits that regulate it were the most important factors of community differentiation. Comparisons between the trait composition of the forest's regeneration, juvenile, and adult communities showed a consistent community assembly pattern. These results allowed us to identify the major functional traits and environmental factors involved in the assembly of dry-forest communities and demonstrate that environmental filtering is a predictable and fundamental process of community assembly, even in a complex system such as a tropical forest.
Background
Hypoperfusion is an important risk factor for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of fluorescence imaging on visualization of ...perfusion and subsequent change of transection line during left-sided robotic colorectal resections.
Methods
Patients scheduled for robotic left-sided colon or rectal resections were enrolled in this prospective, multicenter study. Resections were performed as per each surgeon’s preference. After complete colorectal mobilization, ligation of blood vessels, and distal transection of the bowel, the mesocolon was completely divided to the planned proximal or distal transection line, which was marked in white light. Indocyanine green was injected intravenously and the transection location(s) and/or distal rectal stump, if applicable, were re-assessed in fluorescent imaging mode. Imaging information, perioperative, and early postoperative outcomes were recorded. An independent video review of the surgeries was performed.
Results
Data for 40 patients (20 female/20 male) with a mean age of 63.9 years and a mean body mass index of 27.6 kg/m
2
were analyzed. Fluorescence imaging resulted in a change of the proximal transection location in 40 % (16/40) of patients. There was one change in the distal transection location in a patient with benign disease. The use of fluorescence imaging took an average of 5.1 min of the mean overall operative room time of 232 min. Two patients (5 %) with a change in transection line developed an anastomotic leak at postoperative days 15 and 40.
Conclusion
Fluorescence imaging provides additional information during determination of transection location in left-sided colorectal procedures. This results in a significant change of transection location, particularly at the proximal transection site. Further research needs to be conducted with larger patient cohorts and in comparative design to determine actual effect on anastomotic leak rate.
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