This paper lists the accepted names and classification of marine fungi, updating the scheme presented in 2009. The classification includes 1,112 species (in 472 genera): Ascomycota 805 (in 352 ...genera), Basidiomycota 21 species (in 17 genera), Chytridiomycota and related phyla 26 species (in 13 genera), Zygomycota three (in two genera), Blastocladiomycota one species (one genus), asexual morphs of filamentous fungi 43 (in 26 genera); and marine yeasts: Ascomycota 138 species (in 35 genera), Basidiomycota 75 species (in 26 genera). These fungi belong to 129 families and 65 orders. The Halosphaeriaceae remains the largest family of marine fungi with 141 species in 59 genera, while the most specious genera are Aspergillus (47 species), Penicillium (39 species) and the yeast genus Candida (64 species). The review includes details of recent higher order nomenclature changes, and accounts of new families, genera and species described over the past 5 years.
Growing interest in understanding the relevance of marine fungi to food webs, biogeochemical cycling, and biological patterns necessitates establishing a context for interpreting future findings. To ...help establish this context, we summarize the diversity of cultured and observed marine planktonic fungi from across the world. While exploring this diversity, we discovered that only half of the known marine fungal species have a publicly available DNA locus, which we hypothesize will likely hinder accurate high-throughput sequencing classification in the future, as it does currently. Still, we reprocessed >600 high-throughput datasets and analyzed 4.9 × 10
sequences (4.8 × 10
shotgun metagenomic reads and 1.0 × 10
amplicon sequences) and found that every fungal phylum is represented in the global marine planktonic mycobiome; however, this mycobiome is generally predominated by three phyla: the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota. We hypothesize that these three clades are the most abundant due to a combination of evolutionary histories, as well as physical processes that aid in their dispersal. We found that environments with atypical salinity regimes (>5 standard deviations from the global mean: Red Sea, Baltic Sea, sea ice) hosted higher proportions of the Chytridiomycota, relative to open oceans that are dominated by Dikarya. The Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Sea had the highest fungal richness of all areas explored. An analysis of similarity identified significant differences between oceanographic regions. There were no latitudinal gradients of marine fungal richness and diversity observed. As more high-throughput sequencing data become available, expanding the collection of reference loci and genomes will be essential to understanding the ecology of marine fungi.
Freshwater Fungi Jones, E. B. Gareth; Hyde, Kevin D; Pang, Ka-Lai
2014, 2014-08-27
eBook
In-depth knowledge about aquatic plant species, from their sub-cellular organization to their interactions within ecosystems, is of utmost importance as the world faces the challenges of the 21st ...century. From losses in biodiversity and changes in aquatic ecosystems to the potential of algal biofuel and artificial photosynthesis, some of the hottest topics of our time rely on basic research in aquatic botany. This new book series covers topics from all of the disciplines of marine and freshwater botany at all levels of biological organization. Primary subject areas are: systematics, floristics, biogeography, ecology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, chemistry, industrial processes and utilization, and biotechnology of algae and angiosperms. Mycology and microbiology topics are also part of the scope of the series.
Palms represent the most morphological diverse monocotyledonous plants and support a vast array of fungi. Recent examinations of palmicolous fungi in Thailand led to the discovery of a group of ...morphologically similar and interesting taxa. A polyphasic approach based on morphology, multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and divergence time estimates supports the establishment of a novel pleosporalean family Striatiguttulaceae, which diversified approximately 39 (20-63) MYA (crown age) and 60 (35-91) MYA (stem age). Striatiguttulaceae is characterized by stromata or ascomata with a short to long neck, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and fusiform to ellipsoidal, 1-3-septate ascospores, with longitudinal striations and paler end cells, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis showed that taxa of Striatiguttulaceae form a well-supported and distinct monophyletic clade in Pleosporales, and related to
and
. However, these families can be morphologically demarcated by the slit-like ascomata and extremely large ascospores in
and the rather narrow fusiform ascospores in
. Eight strains of Striatiguttulaceae formed two monophyletic sub-clades, which can be recognized as
and
Morphologically, the genus
can be differentiated from
by its elongated immersed ascomata and fusiform ascospores with relatively larger middle cells and paler end cells. Two new species
and
, and one new combination,
are introduced with morphological details, and phylogenetic relationships are discussed based on DNA sequence data.
Families of Sordariomycetes Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth ...
Fungal diversity,
07/2016, Letnik:
79, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class ...includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, coprophilous and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats worldwide. This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci, with a maximum five representative taxa from each family, where available. This paper brings together for the first time, since Barrs’
1990
Prodromus, descriptions, notes on the history, and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes. Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera. The family
Obryzaceae
and
Pleurotremataceae
are excluded from the class.
This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from
Rosa
(
Rosaceae
) and a few other hosts. Novel fungal taxa are ...described in the present study, including 17 new genera, 93 new species, four combinations, a sexual record for a species and new host records for 16 species.
Bhatiellae
,
Cycasicola
,
Dactylidina
,
Embarria
,
Hawksworthiana
,
Italica
,
Melanocucurbitaria
,
Melanodiplodia
,
Monoseptella
,
Uzbekistanica
,
Neoconiothyrium
,
Neopaucispora
,
Pararoussoella
,
Paraxylaria
,
Marjia
,
Sporormurispora and Xenomassariosphaeria
are introduced as new ascomycete genera. We also introduce the new species
Absidia jindoensis
,
Alternaria doliconidium
,
A
.
hampshirensis
,
Angustimassarina rosarum
,
Astragalicola vasilyevae
,
Backusella locustae
,
Bartalinia rosicola
,
Bhatiellae rosae
,
Broomella rosae
,
Castanediella camelliae
,
Coelodictyosporium rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosae
,
C
.
rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosigena
,
Coniochaeta baysunika
,
C. rosae
,
Cycasicola goaensis
,
Dactylidina shoemakeri
,
Dematiopleospora donetzica
,
D
.
rosicola
,
D
.
salsolae
,
Diaporthe rosae
,
D
.
rosicola
,
Endoconidioma rosae
-
hissaricae
,
Epicoccum rosae
,
Hawksworthiana clematidicola
,
H
.
lonicerae
,
Italica achilleae
,
Keissleriella phragmiticola
,
K
.
rosacearum
,
K
.
rosae
,
K
.
rosarum
,
Lophiostoma rosae
,
Marjia tianschanica
,
M
.
uzbekistanica
,
Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica
,
Melanodiplodia tianschanica
,
Monoseptella rosae
,
Mucor fluvius
,
Muriformistrickeria rosae
,
Murilentithecium rosae
,
Neoascochyta rosicola
,
Neoconiothyrium rosae
,
Neopaucispora rosaecae
,
Neosetophoma rosarum
,
N
.
rosae
,
N
.
rosigena
,
Neostagonospora artemisiae
,
Ophiobolus artemisiicola
,
Paraconiothyrium rosae
,
Paraphaeosphaeria rosae
,
P
.
rosicola
,
Pararoussoella rosarum
,
Parathyridaria rosae
,
Paraxylaria rosacearum
,
Penicillium acidum
,
P
.
aquaticum
,
Phragmocamarosporium rosae
,
Pleospora rosae
,
P
.
rosae
-
caninae
,
Poaceicola agrostina
,
P
.
arundinicola
,
P
.
rosae
,
Populocrescentia ammophilae
,
P
.
rosae
,
Pseudocamarosporium pteleae
,
P
.
ulmi
-
minoris
,
Pseudocercospora rosae
,
Pseudopithomyces rosae
,
Pseudostrickeria rosae
,
Sclerostagonospora lathyri
,
S
.
rosae
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seimatosporium rosigenum
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seiridium rosarum
,
Setoseptoria arundelensis
,
S
.
englandensis
,
S
.
lulworthcovensis
,
Sigarispora agrostidis
,
S
.
caryophyllacearum
,
S
.
junci
,
S
.
medicaginicola
,
S
.
rosicola
,
S
.
scrophulariae
,
S
.
thymi
,
Sporormurispora atraphaxidis
,
S
.
pruni
,
Suttonomyces rosae
,
Umbelopsis sinsidoensis
,
Uzbekistanica rosae
-
hissaricae
,
U
.
yakutkhanika
,
Wojnowicia rosicola
,
Xenomassariosphaeria rosae
. New host records are provided for
Amandinea punctata
,
Angustimassarina quercicola
,
Diaporthe rhusicola
,
D. eres
,
D. foeniculina
,
D. rudis
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Dothiorella iberica
,
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
,
Lecidella elaeochroma
,
Muriformistrickeria rubi
,
Neofusicoccum australe
,
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
,
Pleurophoma pleurospora
,
Sigarispora caulium
and
Teichospora rubriostiolata
. The new combinations are
Dactylidina dactylidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis
),
Embarria clematidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria clematidis
),
Hawksworthiana alliariae
(=
Dematiopleospora alliariae
) and
Italica luzulae
(=
Dematiopleospora luzulae
). This study also provides some insights into the diversity of fungi on
Rosa
species and especially those on
Rosa
spines that resulted in the characterisation of eight new genera, 45 new species, and nine new host records. We also collected taxa from
Rosa
stems and there was 31% (20/65) overlap with taxa found on stems with that on spines. Because of the limited and non-targeted sampling for comparison with collections from spines and stems of the same host and location, it is not possible to say that the fungi on spines of
Rosa
differ from those on stems. The study however, does illustrate how spines are interesting substrates with high fungal biodiversity. This may be because of their hard structure resulting in slow decay and hence are suitable substrates leading to fungal colonisation. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million. There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, which is ...between 2.6 and 4.5% of the estimated species. Several forums such as Botanica Marina series, Fungal Diversity notes, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, Fungal Systematics and Evolution—New and Interesting Fungi, Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade. The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized, but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified. We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding. Some genera are barely known, whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing. In this paper, we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus. The genera are the ascomycetes
Colletotrichum
and
Pestalotiopsis
(with many species or complexes),
Atrocalyx
,
Dothiora, Lignosphaeria
,
Okeanomyces, Rhamphoriopsis
,
Thozetella
,
Thyrostroma
(relatively poorly studied genera) and the basidiomycete genus
Lepiota
. We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research. These include (1) the need to establish what is a species, (2) the need to establish how host-specific fungi are, not in highly disturbed urban areas, but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests, and (3) the need to establish if species in different continents, islands, countries or regions are different, or if the same fungi occur worldwide? Finally, we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.
Xylariomycetidae
(
Ascomycota
) is a highly diversified group with variable stromatic characters. Our research focused on inconspicuous stromatic xylarialean taxa from China, Italy, Russia, Thailand ...and the United Kingdom. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and combined ITS-LSU-
rpb
2-
tub
2-
tef
1 phylogenies revealed 39 taxa from our collections belonging to
Amphisphaeriales
and
Xylariales
. A new family (
Appendicosporaceae
), five new genera (
Magnostiolata
,
Melanostictus
,
Neoamphisphaeria
,
Nigropunctata
and
Paravamsapriya
), 27 new species (
Acrocordiella photiniicola
,
Allocryptovalsa sichuanensis
,
Amphisphaeria parvispora
,
Anthostomella lamiacearum
,
Apiospora guiyangensis
,
A
.
sichuanensis
,
Biscogniauxia magna
,
Eutypa camelliae
,
Helicogermslita clypeata
,
Hypocopra zeae
,
Magnostiolata mucida
,
Melanostictus longiostiolatus
,
M
.
thailandicus
,
Nemania longipedicellata
,
N
.
delonicis
,
N
.
paraphysata
,
N
.
thailandensis
,
Neoamphisphaeria hyalinospora
,
Neoanthostomella bambusicola
,
Nigropunctata bambusicola
,
N
.
nigrocircularis
,
N
.
thailandica
,
Occultitheca rosae
,
Paravamsapriya ostiolata
,
Peroneutypa leucaenae
,
Seiridium italicum
and
Vamsapriya mucosa
) and seven new host/geographical records are introduced and reported. Divergence time estimates indicate that
Delonicicolales
diverged from
Amphisphaeriales
+
Xylariales
at 161 (123–197) MYA.
Amphisphaeriales
and
Xylariales
diverged 154 (117–190) MYA with a crown age of 127 (92–165) MYA and 147 (111–184) MYA, respectively.
Appendicosporaceae
(
Amphisphaeriales
) has a stem age of 89 (65–117) MYA. Ancestral character state reconstruction indicates that astromatic, clypeate ascomata with aseptate, hyaline ascospores that lack germ slits may probably be ancestral
Xylariomycetidae
having plant-fungal endophytic associations. The
Amphisphaeriales
remained mostly astromatic with common septate, hyaline ascospores. Stromatic variations may have developed mostly during the Cretaceous period. Brown ascospores are common in
Xylariales
, but they first appeared in
Amphisphaeriaceae
,
Melogrammataceae
and
Sporocadaceae
during the early Cretaceous. The ascospore germ slits appeared only in
Xylariales
during the Cretaceous after the divergence of
Lopadostomataceae
. Hyaline, filiform and apiospores may have appeared as separate lineages, providing the basis for
Xylariaceae
, which may have diverged independently. The future classification of polyphyletic xylarialean taxa will not be based on stromatic variations, but the type of ring, the colour of the ascospores, and the presence or absence or the type of germ slit.
This paper documents six new saprobic marine fungi and one new genus based on morphology and multi-gene phylogenies. Three Dothideomycetes, and members of the Pleosporales, are introduced:
sp. nov. ...was recognized as a mangrove species in Amniculicolaceae, and
sp. nov. was discovered as a second member of Salsugineaceae. A new genus
with
sp. nov., recovered from mangroves, is phylogenetically sister to
and nests in the Trematosphaeriaceae. Three new species are referred to the Sordariomycetes:
(Coniochaetales, Coniochaetaceae) on driftwood;
(Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) is introduced with asexual and sexual morphs, on decayed mangrove wood of
; and
(Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) is new to the
species complex (FSSC) from deep-sea sediment.
Display omitted
•Introduction of new chytrid taxa in Thailand.•Integrative and polyphasic approach to species delimitation.•New ecological and geographical information on chytrids.•Genetic diversity ...within Rhizophydiales.
The Chytridiomycota is a phylum of zoosporic eufungi that inhabit terrestrial, freshwater, and oceanic habitats. Within the phylum, the Rhizophydiales contains several monotypic families theorized to hold a diverse assemblage of fungi yet to be discovered and properly described. Based on morphology alone, many species in this order are difficult or impossible to identify. In this study, we isolated three chytrids from northern Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses placed the isolates in three monotypic genera within Rhizophydiales. Intrageneric genetic distances in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ranged between 1.5 and 8.5%. Angulomyces solicola sp. nov. is characterized by larger sporangia, spores, and fewer discharge papilla than A.argentinensis; Gorgonomyces thailandicus sp. nov. has larger zoospores and fewer discharge papillae in culture compared to G. haynaldii; Terramyces chiangraiensis sp. nov. produces larger sporangia than T. subangulosum. We delimited species of Angulomyces, Gorgonomyces and Terramyces using a tripartite approach that employed phylogeny, ITS genetic distances and Poisson tree processes (PTP). Results of these approaches suggest more than one species in each genus. This study contributes to the knowledge of chytrids, an understudied group in Thailand and worldwide.
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