Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) play a crucial role to understand the division of groundwater, an important resource of water supply all over the world. In this present ...study, groundwater potential and recharge zone maps, are delineated for Loni and Morahi watersheds, Unnao and Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India using RS, GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. The Satty’s Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) is used as a MCDM technique to normalise the weights of various thematic layers and their classes for delineating the groundwater potential and recharge zone maps. Thematic layers were integrated using weighted overlay in a GIS environment to generate groundwater potential and recharge zone maps. The output potential map is further classified into five zones on the basis of their histograms, viz., ‘very poor’, ‘poor’, ‘good’, ‘very good’ and ‘excellent’. The area falling in the excellent zone is about 150.93 km² (7.06 % of the total study area), which covers a major portion of the Ganga river. It discriminates the areas where the terrain is suitable for groundwater storage. However, the area falling in the very poor zone is about 372.03 km² (17.42 % of the total study area) and covers the Loni river south-eastern portion and some areas in north-eastern sides. Groundwater recharge map is classified into four zones namely; ‘most suitable’, ‘moderately suitable’, ‘poorly suitable’ and ‘not suitable’. Yield data of the 40 pumping wells are used to verify the groundwater potential zone map, and the results were found to be good.
Although relatively uncommon, fungi, atypical Mycobacteria, and Nocardia have been isolated from a variety of infections of eye including keratitis, scleritis, canaliculitis, dacryocystitis, ...endophthalmitis and orbital cellulites. The organisms typically cause a slowly progressive disease. The diseases caused by the organisms can pose both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In this manuscript we will describe updates on important aspects of the ocular infections caused by these organisms.
Aim
A systematic review was carried out to analyse continence at 2 years or more after lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) for chronic anal fissure (CAF).
Method
PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, ...Ovid, SCI, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Google Scholar were used to search the literature from 1969–2012 for studies reporting a follow‐up of more than 2 years after LIS for CAF. The primary outcome parameter analysed was continence. The secondary outcome parameters included success rate, recurrence, incidence of postoperative abscess and fistula formation and patient satisfaction.
Results
Of 324 studies screened, 22 (n = 4512) were included. The mean follow‐up period ranged from 24–124 months. The overall continence disturbance rate was 14% (95% CI 0.09–0.2). Weighted analysis showed flatus incontinence in 9% (95% CI 0.04–0.16), soilage/seepage in 6% (95% CI 0.03–0.1), accidental defaecation in 0.91% (95% CI 0.003–0.02), incontinence to liquid stool in 0.67% (95% CI 0.001–0.02) and incontinence to solid stool in 0.83% (95% CI 0.003–0.02) of patients.
Conclusion
The long‐term risk of continence disturbance after lateral internal sphincterotomy is significant. Randomized controlled trials with a long follow‐up are needed to substantiate these findings and to redefine its role in the treatment of chronic anal fissure.
PDF
