The larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens are actively used for bioconversion of a wide range of organic residues, and the insects themselves are an excellent source of feed protein, and ...waste products can be used as fertilizers. It is noted that the excrement of larvae and the residual mass of undigested substrates significantly affect soil biota. In this article, the effect of the composition of feed mixtures for the life of H. illucens larvae on the protein-fat composition of larvae, the biophilic composition of the obtained composts and the possibility of using zoocompost to control one of the most pathogenic types of root-knot nematodes on tomatoes have been studied. It has been shown that feed mixtures based on potatoes, apples, corn, and including sunflower meal, wheat bran or pine sawdust make it possible to obtain competent larvae with a high protein content. All obtained zoocompost significantly suppresses the development of the nematodes Meloidogyne incognita. However, mixing coniferous sawdust in the feed mixture reduces the conversion of the substrate, and the resulting zoocompost does not have a growth-promoting effect on tomato plants.
The response of the ionosphere to the earthquake of a moderate magnitude (M ≈ 5.9) that occurred in Japan at 11:23:50 UT on 7 July 2018 has been studied using a newly developed coherent ...multi-frequency radio diagnostic system for remotely probing the ionosphere at oblique incidence. The seismic activity in Japan on 7 July 2018 was accompanied by aperiodic processes in the ionosphere at distances of no less than (1–2) × 103 km from the epicentre, with an enhancement in multiple-mode propagation, and a significant Doppler spectrum broadening. Three ways of transporting disturbances from the earthquake to the changes in the character of Doppler spectra variations have been identified by examination. First, the disturbances are generated by a surface Raleigh wave launched at the earthquake epicentre. They have been ascertained in the infrasonic range (a 3- to 4-min period) of oscillations. The relative amplitude of these quasi-periodic oscillations in the electron density is equal to 1.7–9%. The duration of the oscillation trains is found to be in the range of 24–55 min. The wave disturbance speed of propagation is approximately 3 km/s. Second, wave disturbances have also been ascertained in a 15- to 30-min period range. They could be generated in the vicinity of the epicentre and then propagated as atmospheric gravity waves modulating the electron density in the ionosphere. The relative amplitude of the quasi-periodic disturbances in the electron density is equal to 14 – 34%. The wave train attains a temporal duration of about 100 min and a speed of approximately 0.3 km/s. Third, the broadening of the Doppler spectra toward negative Doppler shifts with the time delay estimated to be 49–124 min, depending on the orientation of the propagation path, is the most pronounced Doppler signature of the disturbances caused by the earthquake. This time delay corresponds to a speed of about 0.3 km/s, and consequently, it suggests that this effect most likely is caused by the atmospheric gravity waves launched at the earthquake epicentre. Apparently, the rearrangement of the ionosphere acts to reverse the sign of the Doppler spectrum shift when the atmospheric gravity waves arrive at the reflection level.
•Developed coherent multi-frequency multipath radio diagnostic system demonstrated high efficiency.•Seismic activity is accompanied by aperiodic processes in the ionosphere, with enhancement in multiple-mode propagation.•Seismic activity is accompanied by significant Doppler spectrum broadening.•Wave disturbances detected in infrasonic oscillation range are generated by surface Raleigh wave.•Wave disturbances generated at epicentre propagate as atmospheric gravity waves modulating electron density.
We have acquired HF Doppler measurements and studied the dynamics of the ionosphere in the ∼100–300 km altitude range during the 1–10 September 2019 period of typhoon activity near the People's ...Republic of China (PRC). The multifrequency multiple path system located at the Harbin Engineering University campus, the PRC, and probing the ionosphere at oblique incidence was used to identify the effects from the typhoons. The response of the ionosphere to the Typhoon Lingling was detected along three adjacent radio‐wave propagation paths where chaotic and quasiperiodic variations in the Doppler shift and a significant (from −1 to 1 Hz or greater) Doppler spectrum broadening were observed to occur. The Doppler spectrum chaotic variations are due to plasma turbulence generated by typhoons in the ionosphere, and the Doppler shift quasiperiodic variations along the main ray are due to infrasound and atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) launched by the typhoons. The relative amplitude of quasiperiodic variations in the electron density in the field of the infrasound wave reached several percent, and in the field of the AGW attained from ten to a few tens of percent. The effects of the Typhoon Faxai during 9/10 and 10/11 September 2019 nights were accompanied by a 27% decrease in the electron density in the ionospheric E and F regions. At the closest approach of the Typhoon Faxai to the ionosonde during 8/9 September 2019 night, when it had the largest energy, a 56% increase was detected in the ionospheric F region electron density.
Key Points
Measurements utilized up to twelve 5–10 MHz propagation paths to observe the ionospheric response to the Typhoons Lingling and Faxai
Up to ±1–1.5 Hz Doppler spectrum broadening was detected, and up to ±1 Hz Doppler shift variations were seen
Under the action of the typhoons, the periods of the aperiodic and quasiperiodic disturbances in the ionosphere were observed to be 5–60 min
The concept that geospace storms are comprised of synergistically coupled magnetic storms, ionospheric storms, atmospheric storms, and storms in the electric field originating in the magnetosphere, ...the ionosphere, and the atmosphere (i.e., electrical storms) was validated a few decades ago. Geospace storm studies require the employment of multiple-method approaches to the Sun–interplanetary medium–magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere–Earth
system. This study provides general analysis of the 30 August–2 September 2019 geospace storm, the analysis of disturbances in the geomagnetic field and in the ionosphere, as well as the influence of the ionospheric storm on the characteristics of high frequency (HF) radio waves over the People's Republic of China. The main results of the study are as follows. The energy and power of the geospace storm have been estimated to be 1.5×1015 J and 1.5×1010 W, and thus, this storm is weak. The energy and power of the magnetic storm have been estimated to be 1.5×1015 J and 9×109 W, i.e., this storm is moderate, and a characteristic feature of this storm is the duration of the main phase of up to 2 d. The recovery phase also was lengthy and was no less than 2 d. On 31 August and 1 September 2019, the variations in the H and D components attained 60–70 nT, while the Z-component variations did not exceed 20 nT. On 31 August and 1 September 2019, the level of fluctuations in the geomagnetic field in the 100–1000 s period range
increased from 0.2–0.3 to 2–4 nT, while the energy of the oscillations
showed a maximum in the 300–400 to 700–900 s period range. During the
geospace storm, a moderately to strongly negative ionospheric storm manifested itself by the reduction in the ionospheric F-region electron
density by a factor of 1.4 to 2.4 times on 31 August and 1 September 2019, compared to the its values on the reference day. Appreciable
disturbances were also observed to occur in the ionospheric E region and
possibly in the Es layer. In the course of the ionospheric storm, the altitude of reflection of radio waves could sharply increase from ∼150 to ∼300–310 km. The atmospheric gravity waves generated within the geospace storm modulated the ionospheric electron density; for the ∼30 min period oscillation, the amplitude of the electron density disturbances could attain ∼40 %, while it did not exceed 6 % for the ∼15 min period. At the same time, the height of reflection of the radio waves varied quasi-periodically with a 20–30 km amplitude. The results obtained have made a contribution to the understanding of the geospace storm physics, to developing theoretical and empirical models of geospace storms, to the acquisition of detailed understanding of the adverse effects that geospace storms have on radio wave propagation, and to applying that knowledge to effective forecasting of these adverse influences.
A wide-angle Cerenkov array TAIGA-HiSCORE (FOV \(\sim\)0.6 sr), was originally created as a part of TAIGA installation for high-energy gamma-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics. Array now consist on ...nearly 100 optical stations on the area of 1 km\(^2\). Due to high accuracy and stability (\(\sim\)1 ns) of time synchronization of the optical stations the accuracy of EAS arrival direction reconstruction is reached 0.1\(^\mathrm{o}\). It was proven that the array can also be used to search for nanosecond events of the optical range. The report discusses the method of searching for optical transients using the HiSCORE array and demonstrates its performance on a real example of detecting signals from an artificial Earth satellite. The search for this short flares in the HiSCORE data of the winter season 2018--2019 is carried out. One candidate for double repeater has been detected, but the estimated probability of random simulation of such a transient by background EAS events is not less than 10%, which does not allow us to say that the detected candidate corresponds to a real astrophysical transient. An upper bound on the frequency of optical spikes with flux density of more than \(10^{-4} \mathrm{erg/s/cm}^2\) and a duration of more than 5\,ns is established as \(\sim 2 \times 10^{-3}\) events/sr/hour.
Polymorphic variant rs738409 within the PNPLA3 gene associates with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) in heavy drinkers of various ancestry but has not yet been established in the Russian population ...characterized by high incidence of ALC. PNPLA3 rs738409 involvement in the inflammatory process has been proposed as one of the mechanisms of liver dysfunction. Relationship between the PNPLA3 polymorphism and the biochemical markers of inflammation in patients with ALC remains unclear. The current study revealed the association between the rs738409 polymorphism, liver cirrhosis and serum cytokines in heavy drinkers in the Russian population.
The serum levels of IL6, IL10, IL8, and CCL2 along with PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism were determined in heavy drinkers (AA, n=71) and heavy drinkers with diagnosed liver cirrhosis (ALC, n=110). All of the recruited individuals were Caucasians and belonged to the Russian population.
Heavy drinkers carrying PNPLA3 rs738409 CG or CG+GG genotypes as compared with CC genotype carriers or G allele as compared with C allele carriers had significant risk of ALC. In ALC levels of interleukins and CCL2 increased as compared with AA. PNPLA3 rs738409 CC carriers had lower cirrhosis stage as compared with CG+GG carriers, however there were no differences of IL6, IL10, IL8 or CCL2 levels between G allele carriers and non-carriers in heavy drinkers.
Thus, in the Russian population heavy drinkers carrying PNPLA3 rs738409 G allele are at higher risk of ALC, however the presence of rs738409 allele does not influence the serum cytokine levels.
•Moderate earthquake-induced HF radio propagation effects are detected in the ∼(1–2) × 103 km range from the epicenter.•Earthquake was associated with an increase of–(0.3–0.4) Hz in Doppler shift and ...in the number of rays up to 5.•Earthquake was associated with the 1–1.5 Hz Doppler spectrum broadening in the 5–9.8 MHz frequency range.•Moderate earthquake-induced geophysical effects were detected in the ∼(1–2) × 103 km range from the epicenter.
The Harbin Engineering University HF software-defined radio system since 2018 continuously monitors dynamic processes launched in the ionosphere by energetic events in the Sun–interplanetary-medium–magnetosphere–ionosphere–subsystem coupling. The data collected during the submarine magnitude 6.0 earthquake that occurred off the East coast of Honshu, Japan, on April 11, 2019, have been analyzed with the specific objectives of determining the ionospheric response to the earthquake, the distortions of the radio-wave propagation channels, and identifying possible mechanisms for the transport of the disturbances at 845–2,260 km great-circle distances between the epicenter and the propagation path midpoints. Despite the ionospheric responses to powerful earthquakes have been studied since 1964, the problem of deriving global specifications of the disturbances remains pressing. The effects that the ionospheric disturbances from earthquakes have on radar, communications channels, radio navigation, radio astronomy, etc., are a matter of even greater urgency. The multiple path multifrequency radio system for sounding the ionosphere at oblique incidence provides a convenient tool for diagnosing such HF radio-wave propagation problems, acquiring a database containing the complex amplitudes of the signals and used to produce a sequence of Doppler spectra, for the first time, at a rate of 480 spectra per 1 h along 14 radio-wave propagation paths simultaneously with a 7.5-s temporal resolution and 0.02-Hz Doppler resolution over 20-s intervals. Analysis of the Doppler spectra, Doppler shift along the main ray, and signal amplitudes on the day when the earthquake occurred and on quiet time reference days showed that after the earthquake the Doppler spectra exhibit essential broadening, the Doppler shift along the main ray undergoes alternating sign Doppler variations, as well as quasi-sinusoidal variations with 3–5- and 10–20-min periods pertaining to the infrasound and atmospheric gravity wave frequency bands. The relative amplitudes of disturbances in the electron density are estimated to be ∼1% and 2–19% in the fields of infrasound of atmospheric gravity waves, respectively.
A brief description of the multipath coherent radio technique installation is presented. Its goal is continuous monitoring of the dynamical processes in the ionosphere caused by space weather ...variations and the impact of high-energy sources in the Earth–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere system. The variations of radio-wave characteristics (the Doppler spectra and signal amplitudes) in the HF range and the ionospheric parameters over China during the ionospheric storm of August 26, 2018, are described. An ∼50–100 km ascent in the radio-wave reflection region and its oscillations with an amplitude of ∼30–40 km were observed many times during the storm on all paths. The ascents were followed by descents of the radio-wave reflection region by many tens of kilometers. The ascents and descents of the reflection region were caused by a decrease in the electron concentration by a factor of 1.5–2 and its increase by a few times, respectively. The maximal increase in the electron concentration in the
E
and
F
regions reached a factor of 1.5 and 3, respectively. The relative amplitude of oscillations in the electron concentration reached many tens of percent. The amplitude of oscillations of frequency Doppler shift was several times lower on the reference days. The observed oscillations in the frequency Doppler shift were apparently caused by generation of the atmospheric gravity waves and their subsequent propagation to the latitudes of the means of observation. The velocity of wave disturbances was ∼275–480 m/s, whereas their period was ∼60 min. The ionospheric disturbances of August 27, 2018, were insignificant despite the repeated magnetic storm.
Background and aim
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) functions not only in the brain but also in peripheral tissues such as the liver. Genetic factors determine the development of alcohol ...dependence and somatic consequences of chronic intoxication, especially liver cirrhosis. The BDNF gene polymorphisms are associated with alcohol dependence; however, their relationship with the development of alcohol-related liver cirrhosis (ALC) has not yet been established. This study evaluated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the BDNF gene and liver cirrhosis in heavy drinkers.
Methods
BDNF-related SNPs rs925946, rs6265, rs10835210, rs7103411, and rs75945125 were determined using real-time PCR in heavy drinkers with and without liver cirrhosis. Single SNPs and defined haplotypes within the BDNF gene were tested for association with ALC.
Results
According to both codominant and recessive genetic models, carriers of the rs925946 TT genotype have an elevated risk of liver cirrhosis development with odds ratios (confidence intervals) 6.287 (1.286–30.738) and 6.321 (1.317–30.348), respectively. BDNF SNPs rs6265, rs10835210, rs7103411, and rs75945125 do not associate with risk of ALC. One block of haplotypes consisting of rs10835210 and rs7103411 demonstrated linkage disequilibrium (
D
′ = 1 and
r
2
= 0.228). The revealed haplotypes do not associate with the development of liver cirrhosis in alcohol heavy drinkers.
Conclusion
Thus, the BDNF rs925946 SNP is associated with the risk of ALC in heavy drinkers. Future investigations of the BDNF gene-related genetic markers of ALC will help to objectively assess the risk and severity of liver damage and correct the corresponding therapy.
The correlation between the radon influx into the atmosphere and the formation of ions has been studied from the data of observations at the Fonovaya Observatory of Institute of Atmospheric Optics, ...Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. This correlation is shown to be stable in the period from October to January. In the other months, the correlation is disturbed. However, if the events of nucleation and lightning discharges are removed from the data set, then the correlation is kept throughout the year.
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