Just about everyone seems to have views about language. Language attitudes and language ideologies permeate our daily lives. Our competence, intelligence, friendliness, trustworthiness, social ...status, group memberships, and so on, are often judged from the way we communicate. Even the speed at which we speak can evoke reactions. And we often try to anticipate such judgements as we communicate. In this lively introduction, Peter Garrett draws upon research carried out over recent decades in order to discuss such attitudes and the implications they have for our use of language, for social advantage or discrimination, and for social identity. Using a range of examples that includes punctuation, words, grammar, pronunciation, accents, dialects and languages, this book explores the intricate and fascinating ways in which language influences our everyday thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
Recent progress in both the mode of action of antifoams and mechanical defoaming is reviewed. New insights concern the simulation of the orientation of particles in interfaces and films, the role of ...dynamic surface effects in antifoam action, antifoam action under micro-gravity, deactivation of oil/particle antifoams and antifoam action in hydrocarbon media. Progress in mechanical defoaming is mainly confined to new insights concerning the use of ultrasound.
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Phosphine poisoning is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in countries where access to this pesticide is unrestricted. Metal phosphides release phosphine gas on contact with ...moisture, and ingestion of these tablets most often results in death despite intensive support. A 36-year-old woman presented to a regional hospital after ingesting multiple aluminium phosphide pesticide tablets and rapidly developed severe cardiogenic shock. In this case, serendipitous access to an untested Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) service of a regional hospital effected a successful rescue and prevented the predicted death. We discuss the toxicology, management and the evidence for and against using ECMO in this acute poisoning.
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With the selected solutions triolein-based antifoams are only effective during the non-equilibrium conditions of foam generation but not after foam generation ceases and ...near-equilibrium conditions prevail.The antifoam action of oils is caused by the formation of unstable bridging configurations where the bridging coefficient Bbr>0.Measurements of near-equilibrium bridging coefficients however indicate Bbr<0 which indicates the absence of antifoam action under those conditions.It can be shown that the bridging coefficient could change sign under non-equilibrium conditions leading to antifoam action.
A feature of mixtures of triolein with either stearic acid or tristearin particles as antifoams for certain micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate is that they are effective only during foam generation but no longer function after foam generation has ceased. Antifoam action by the antifoam oil is determined by positive values of the bridging coefficient. Bridging coefficients were found to be negative under the near equilibrium conditions prevailing after foam generation ceased. However measurements of dynamic surface tensions indicated that if surface ages >0.1s prevailed under the dynamic conditions of foam generation then that would alter the sign of the bridging coefficients. Such dynamic conditions were replicated by drawing single foam films at different rates from solutions containing triolein-based antifoam. Antifoam effectiveness was significantly reduced in the case of foam films drawn at extremely slow rates so that near equilibrium conditions prevailed.
The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness is a comprehensive and informative overview of the broad field of language awareness. It contains a collection of state-of-the-art reviews of both ...established themes and new directions, authored and edited by experts in the field. The handbook is divided into three sections and reflects the engaging diversity of language awareness perspectives on language teaching and teachers, language learning and learners, and extending to additional areas of importance that are less directly concerned with language instruction.In their introductory chapter, the editors provide valuable background to the language awareness field along with their summary of the chapters and issues covered. A helpful section giving further reading suggestions for each of the chapters is included at the end of the book. This volume is essential reading for graduate students and researchers working in the sphere of language awareness within applied linguistics, sociolinguistics and across the wider spectrum of language and communication.
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•The particles intrinsic to sebum can promote antifoam action.•Mixtures of triolein with stearic acid or tristearin replicate sebum antifoam action closely.•None of these antifoams ...show deactivation during prolonged foam generation.•Differences in effectiveness between stearic acid and tristearin crystallised from triolein mainly concern crystal size.
Here we have sought to establish the likely key ingredients which determine the antifoam behaviour of model sebum together with key specific aspects of their mode of action. Since the overall composition of sebum is dominated by unsaturated triglycerides we selected triolein as the oil. Tristearin and stearic acid were selected as particulate components since both are only sparingly soluble in triolein and are likely to replicate the absence of strong dependence upon changes in pH or Ca2+ found with sebum. Triolein/tristearin mixtures were, under most circumstances, at least as effective as the model sebum but totally unaffected by changes in Ca2+ and pH. However triolein/stearic acid mixtuures replicated the weak dependence upon Ca2+ of model sebum and pH but were less effective. The ineffectiveness of the former appeared to concern the relatively large size of stearic acid particles crystalizing from a melt in triolein – at least an order of magnitude larger than the particle sizes of tristearin prepared in a similar manner, showing a tendency to aggregate and form large, ineffective, triolein/stearic acid agglomerates. The large particle size of stearic acid particles also leads to a high probability of formation of ineffective particle-free drops upon dispersal in solution.
Purpose
The Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup recently released a consensus definition of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI), combining Sepsis-3 and Kidney Disease ...Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) AKI criteria. This study aims to describe the epidemiology of SA-AKI.
Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study carried out in 12 intensive care units (ICUs) from 2015 to 2021. We studied the incidence, patient characteristics, timing, trajectory, treatment, and associated outcomes of SA-AKI based on the ADQI definition.
Results
Out of 84,528 admissions, 13,451 met the SA-AKI criteria with its incidence peaking at 18% in 2021. SA-AKI patients were typically admitted from home via the emergency department (ED) with a median time to SA-AKI diagnosis of 1 day (interquartile range (IQR) 1–1) from ICU admission. At diagnosis, most SA-AKI patients (54%) had a stage 1 AKI, mostly due to the low urinary output (UO) criterion only (65%). Compared to diagnosis by creatinine alone, or by both UO and creatinine criteria, patients diagnosed by UO alone had lower renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirements (2.8% vs 18% vs 50%;
p <
0.001), which was consistent across all stages of AKI. SA-AKI hospital mortality was 18% and SA-AKI was independently associated with increased mortality. In SA-AKI, diagnosis by low UO only, compared to creatinine alone or to both UO and creatinine criteria, carried an odds ratio of 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–0.36) for mortality.
Conclusion
SA-AKI occurs in 1 in 6 ICU patients, is diagnosed on day 1 and carries significant morbidity and mortality risk with patients mostly admitted from home via the ED. However, most SA-AKI is stage 1 and mostly due to low UO, which carries much lower risk than diagnosis by other criteria.
In the 20 years since the publication of the author's multi-contributor volume on defoaming, a vast amount of new work has been published and many new insights have been revealed. A cohesive, ...single-authored book, this book provides comprehensive coverage of the topic. It describes the mode of action of antifoams, presenting the relevant theory and the supporting experimental evidence. Beginning with an introductory chapter that discusses the intrinsic properties of foam, the book then describes experimental methods for measuring foam properties important for studying antifoam action and techniques used in establishing the mode of action of antifoams.
Since most commercially effective antifoams are oil based, a chapter is devoted to the entry and spreading behavior of oils and the role of thin film forces in determining that behavior. The book reviews the mode of action of antifoams, including theories of antifoam mechanisms and the role of bridging foam films by particles and oil drops. It also addresses issues related to the effect of antifoam concentration on foam formation by air entrainment and the process of deactivation of mixed oil-particle antifoams during dispersal and foam generation.
For applications where chemical antifoam use is unacceptable, the text examines mechanical means of defoaming, such as the use of rotary devices and ultrasound. The final chapters consider the application of defoaming in radically different contexts including waterborne latex paints and varnishes, machine washing of textiles, gas-oil separation in crude oil production, and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Focusing on the basic science of defoaming, this book presents a balanced view, which also addresses the challenges that may arise for these specific defoaming applications.
A massive tricyclic overdose of 10 g of amitriptyline resulted in cardiovascular collapse with multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation despite aggressive attention ...to current recommended therapy of sodium bicarbonate and hypertonic saline, and correction of electrolytes. Second-line antiarrhythmic therapies failed to reduce the recurrent deterioration to malignant ventricular rhythms. Progression to extracorporeal support was avoided by the use of a titrated esmolol infusion. We discuss the physiological rationale by which esmolol may prevent tachyarrhythmia and fibrillation in severe amitriptyline toxicity.
Haemodialysis patients are exposed to high levels of oxidative stress, perhaps contributing to increased rates of cardiovascular and malignant disease. In this context, the body's defence mechanisms ...against oxidative insult, including activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), are known to be deranged.
This randomised double-blind study assessed the effects of a novel micronutrient cocktail containing physiological doses of antioxidant vitamins and trace minerals on antioxidant enzyme activity in maintenance haemodialysis. Thirty-seven patients were randomised to receive placebo or micronutrient. SOD and GPx activity was analysed at baseline and after 6 months of treatment.
SOD levels did not change in the treatment group but fell significantly (p=0.0443) in controls, while activity of GPx remained unchanged in controls but rose significantly (p=0.0123) in treated patients.
These results are consistent with a beneficial effect of the cocktail on antioxidant enzyme activity and may contribute to an indication for large-scale studies to assess clinical outcome measures.
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