Today's organizations are operating in a highly competitive and changing environment that pushes them to continuously adapt their organizational structures to such environment. However, the success ...of change initiatives may face a barrier in the response of employees, especially when they lack readiness to change. While leadership can shape the culture of an organization and a culture of effectiveness can help increase employees' readiness to change, ethical leaders, who serve as a guide and offer support, can also make a difference by reducing uncertainty. Yet existing research on the role of ethical leadership in the enhancement of the employees' readiness to change is practically non-existent. Far less is the research that analyses the mechanisms that ethical leadership can use to foster employees' readiness to change. This study aims to investigate whether the ethical leadership of middle-lower echelons influences on employees' readiness to change positively (H1) and if this relationship is mediated through shaping an organizational culture of effectiveness (H2). Using data from 270 direct reports of middle-lower managers in public foreign trade Egyptian companies, the findings reveal that ethical leadership enhances employees' readiness to change and that this impact is partially mediated by an organizational culture of effectiveness. Thus, with these findings, new light is shed on the positive role of ethical leadership and the mechanisms it uses to enhance employees' readiness to change.
The glass cliff suggests that women are more likely to access leadership positions when organizations are facing a crisis. Although this phenomenon is well established, it is still largely unknown ...how variations in types of crises influence the strength of the think crisis-think female association, and whether female leaders and leaders with communal gendered traits are both affected by this association. We hypothesized that selection of stereotypically feminine traits (communal leaders) is specific to a relational crisis because of a fit between leader traits and traits required by the situation. We further expected that the selection of women also extends to other crisis situations because other factors such as their signaling change potential may play a role. We investigated the associations that participants made with candidates who varied across gendered traits and gender and between two crisis situations involving problems with either stereotypically feminine (e.g., an internal disharmony) or masculine (e.g., a financial problem) components, and a no crisis situation control. Results from three experimental studies (Ns = 319, 384, 385) supported our hypotheses by showing that communal leaders were most strongly associated with a relational crisis and least with a financial crisis, with the no crisis context situated in-between. This pattern was explained by higher relevance ratings for communal leadership behavior in the relational crisis versus financial crisis context, with the no crisis context situated in-between. In contrast, female leaders were most strongly associated with the relational crisis and least with the no crisis context, with the financial crisis situated in-between. Specific explanatory mechanisms related to the female-crisis association are explored and discussed. Our findings suggest that implicit motivations for valuing feminine/communal leadership and atypical leaders in crisis situations need further research.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Leadership research is grounded in one simple principle: leaders care about followers' attitudes and emotions to achieve outcomes. Yet, how leaders develop these caring skills remains ...unidentified. The current study addresses parenting as a major, previously unaddressed antecedent of leadership effectiveness that involves experiences of care and emotional support to others (the children) transferred to work. Findings from matched field data of leaders who are parents and their employees confirm this approach and point to a fundamental omission in leadership studies: supportive behaviors that are critical for leaders involve experiences of care inherently developed in parenting roles. Consistent with work–family enrichment principles, leaders' parental experiences improved employee outcomes by facilitating supportive leadership behaviors, conditional on time spent in parenting (with supportive parenting styles but little time to be with children, the positive transfer from parenting to work was lower). These findings represent a clear contribution to leadership theory and practice and the many missed associations between leadership and family–work enrichment. They also provide novel insights and questions for advancing management theory with critical practical implications for leaders who are parents, calling for urgent designs of firm practices that are sensitive to parenting and other forms of unpaid care work to unleash leaders' caring potential.
Hierarchical self‐assembly is achieved using a visible light triggered photoreaction. A pro‐gelator, α‐diketone‐2,3‐didecyloxyanthracene, is photoconverted into a low molecular weight gelator, ...2,3‐didecyloxyanthracene (DDOA), that self‐assembles into nanofibers. Spatial confinement and patterns of these nanofibers onto a surface are achieved by localizing initial nucleation with a focused laser and photogenerate subsequent fiber growth with the laser or gentler wide‐field irradiation. Remarkably, collective growth of nanofibers results in anisotropic micropatterns with orientation factors (OF) reaching 79%, resulting in collective emission of linearly polarized light. The OF, distance of collective growth and fiber density, are controlled by the photoirradiation conditions and the balance of interactions between DDOA aggregates and the glass surface. An unprecedented juxtaposition of orthogonally oriented nanofiber patterns on an isotropic surface is achieved with individual control of the fibers' main direction. In perspective, this photochemical method can be extended to a large variety of self‐assembling molecules.
Hierarchical self‐assembly into nanofibers is achieved using a visible light triggered photoconversion of a diketone pro‐gelator into an anthracenic gelator. Separate photocontrol of nucleation and growth leads to patterning of nanofibers onto isotropic surfaces. Collective growth can result in 79% oriented anisotropic micropatterns emitting linearly polarized light. These can be juxtaposed with chosen orientations.
There is general agreement in organizational research about the relevance of the big two set of traits in social psychology: communion or consideration of other people and agency or pursuit of the ...self. I argue that, whereas both dimensions play critical functions at work, men are still overwhelmingly limited in communion. Results of five studies with male and female employees and managers across settings ranging from social work to the bank industry support this prediction in relation to both self‐ratings and judgment of others and reveal that men are characterized with less communal traits by themselves and others. In contrast, women and men are perceived and perceive themselves as similar in agency, suggesting closing gender gaps in agentic traits. An analysis across occupational levels showed that sex differences in communion favoring women only disappeared at top managerial levels. Exploratory analyses of prescriptive traits (ideal characterizations) revealed more demanding expectations of communion for women than men, despite female employees' and managers' generally greater endorsement of these traits. Implications for organizations are discussed, underscoring the need to implement gender action focused on reducing male stereotyping and the communal gap, rather than increasing women's agency.
Hybrid soft materials composed of CdSe–CdS nanorods or “quantum rods” (QRs) and the fluorescent 2,3‐didecyloxyanthracene (DDOA) low molecular weight organogelator are obtained through self‐assembly. ...Spectroscopy, microscopy, and rheology studies show that the QRs and DDOA coassemble, thereby stabilizing the organogels. Depending on the QR load and excitation wavelength, single nanofibers (NFs) of the hybrid gel display either sharp polarized red luminescence (under green excitation), or dual perpendicularly polarized blue and red emissions (under UV excitation). Transmission electron microscopy, microspectroscopy, and quantum rod orientation microscopy (QROM) reveal that QRs align along the organogel NFs with order parameters reaching 76% and 87%. This paves the way for obtaining surfaces of QR/NF assemblies yielding sharp red linearly polarized emission. In addition, this work demonstrates that QRs can be used more generally to probe nanostructured soft materials, even nonemissive ones. QROM allows to establish maps of the orientation of single QRs dispersed onto or within a gel network by measuring the polarization of the emission of the individual QRs. As occurs within this work in which QRs and NFs interact, the orientation of each QR reveals information on the underlying nanostructure (such as surface striation, bundle formation, and helicity).
Optically transparent self‐assembled 2,3‐didecyloxyanthracene (DDOA) organogelator nanofibers induce the alignment of anisotropic CdSe–CdS quantum rods (QRs), achieving order parameters of 76–87%, as demonstrated by quantum rod orientation microscopy (QROM). The resulting red photoluminescence of the QRs on hybrid nanofibers is linearly polarized and spectrally sharp. QROM is also used to reveal local morphological variations in a soft material.
Although previous studies have acknowledged the connections between gender and emotional competences, more research is needed on how gender and emotion interact to influence psychosocial risks at ...work. This paper addresses how gender stereotypes and emotions simultaneously act as psychosocial antecedents of organizational stress. Following the principles of psychological androgyny, we propose that a combination of communion and agency can serve as a preventive factor at work and lead to healthier responses by providing a wider range of emotional competences to deal with organizational demands. Following previous methodological approaches, we include a quantitative review about scientific research on occupational health in the PsycINFO database during the period 1980-2017 from a multidimensional gender perspective that differentiates between studies addressing the topic from either sex, gender or gender identity dimensions. Finally, we propose new analytical directions to deal with psychosocial hazards at work by underscoring some of the complex ways in which gender and emotional competences influence psychosocial risks at work.
The development of efficient and stable red and near‐IR emitting materials under hard radiation doses and/or prolonged times is a sought‐after task due to their widespread applications in ...optoelectronics and biophotonics. To this aim, novel symmetric all‐BODIPY‐triads, ‐pentads, and ‐hexads have been designed and synthesized as light‐harvesting arrays. These photonic materials are spectrally active in the 655–730 nm region and display high molar absorption across UV–visible region. Furthermore, they provide, to the best of our knowledge, the highest lasing efficiency (up to 68 %) and the highest photostability (tolerance >1300 GJ mol−1) in the near‐IR spectral region ever recorded under drastic pumping conditions. Additionally, the modular synthetic strategy to access the cassettes allows the systematic study of their photonic behavior related to structural factors. Collectively, the outstanding behavior of these multichromophoric photonic materials provides the keystone for engineering multifunctional systems to expedite the next generation of effective red optical materials.
Into the red: All‐BODIPY‐based arrays provide red‐emitting materials with one of the lowest thresholds as well as the highest efficiency and photostability ever reported under strong pumping conditions. The synthetic approach presented provides a cornerstone, paving the way for the rational design of modern fluorophores for advanced (bio)photonic applications.
Public debate and research on absence care leaves of men (paternity leaves) is growing in the last years. Practitioners and scholars alike are seeking evidence-informed answers on whether and how ...paternity leave can help overcome the domestic division of labor, with growing interest in identifying factors that facilitate men's use of this leave. To assess and synthesize this field of study from a theoretical and empirical perspective, we carried out a systematic literature review putting together existing knowledge into a common framework that can inform future research in the field. We analyse trends of paternity leave research over time and its main thematic areas. Findings from this systematic process of synthesis evidence the growing interest of academics (mostly women, and European) in the topic. An organizing framework is presented for understanding male involvement in parenting work suggesting that men's use of paternity leaves is determined by both political/regulatory forces (legislation) and organizational forces (firm's culture and practices), with an impact in a varied range of organizational, psychological and family-related areas including career development, health, and relations with children. We invite future practices and lines of research that more interactively cover regulatory, organizational and family forces that hinder men's use of paternity leave and organizational development, and outline how male-focused practices such as those implemented in European policy should help pursue these goals.
•Organizational variables and outcomes have been ignored in paternity leave research.•There is a clear lack of common theoretical and empirical grounding across studies.•Research should clearly distinguish between levels and categories of paternity leave.•Macro- and meso-level forces can move paternity leave decisions significantly forward.•A comprehensive review and organizing framework of paternity leaves is proposed.
PDF
