Data from the German Socio-Economic Panel provide insight into the relationship between standard and non-standard work, from the perspective of dual labour market theory. We identify two segments ...that largely correspond to the common distinction between these forms of employment and find substantial differences in the determination of wages, as well as the composition of worker and job characteristics. These differences tend to increase after the Hartz reforms. The estimates also indicate the existence of a primary sector wage premium and job rationing, as well as specific patterns of labour mobility due to (partly non-economic) barriers between segments.
The assumption that ownership has an effect on the diversity of news is based on the forms of control that ownership allows and the market conditions in which ownership is exercised. In this study, ...we perform a large-scale analysis of the Swedish newspaper market, surveying 130 newspapers and parliamentary speeches over a period of six years (2014–2019), to substantiate to what extent market and for-profit ownership forms impact political viewpoint diversity. Our analysis shows that newspapers with market leadership and chain ownership offer more political viewpoint diversity than number two and single-owned papers. In contrast, the ownership forms surveyed here (private, foundation, and publicly traded ownerships) display little effect on newspapers’ internal diversity. We also find that a greater number of papers in a local market does not imply more external diversity in that market. The analysis thus offers some nuance to the notion that ownership form and market pluralism are prerequisites for viewpoint diversity, highlighting instead the importance of scale effects for pluralistic media systems.
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There has been a surge in temporary agency work in Germany since the 2004 deregulation of the temporary agency industry. Using empirical data, the author examines how this reform affected ...employment and wages. Controlling for compositional and macroeconomic effects, the results suggest that there was no change in overall employment, since temporary agency work replaced regular jobs. The wage gap between regular employees and temps widened after the reform, showing that firms use agency work to reduce labour costs. However, the main reason for the wage gap was the higher incidence of low‐wage determinants among temps compared to regular employees.
We conduct across-outlet and within-outlet (and within-topic) analyses of “congenially” slanted news. We study “horse race” news (news on candidates' chances in an upcoming election) from six major ...online outlets for the 2012 and 2016 US presidential campaigns. We find robust evidence that horse race headlines were slanted congenially with respect to the preferences of the outlets' typical readers. However, evidence of congenial slant in the timing and frequency of horse race stories is weaker. We also find limited evidence of greater within-outlet demand for headlines most congenial to outlets' typical readers, and somewhat stronger evidence of greater demand for relatively uncongenial headlines. We discuss how various aspects of our results are consistent with each of the major mechanisms driving slant studied in the theoretical literature, and may help explain when each mechanism is more likely to come into play. In particular, readers may be more likely to click on uncongenial headlines due to inferring that these stories are particularly informative when they stand in contrast to an outlet's typically congenial slant.
•We analyze horse race (election polls) news from six online outlets in 2012 and 2016.•For outlets with partisan reputations, news is slanted congenially for typical readers.•But the probability of reporting usually does not depend on congeniality of polls.•Within-outlets, stories more congenial to a typical reader are not more popular.•The various results provide support for all three major theories of slant demand.
Resumen.
A partir de datos empíricos, se examina cómo la desreglamentación del trabajo temporal por agencia en Alemania en 2004 afectó al empleo y a los salarios, controlando efectos macroeconómicos ...y características personales y del puesto de trabajo. Se constata un aumento del trabajo temporal tras la reforma, sin efecto en el total de empleo, lo que apunta a efectos de sustitución. La brecha salarial entre trabajadores de plantilla y temporales aumentó (posible recurso a estos últimos para reducir costos laborales), aunque la diferencia salarial parece deberse sobre todo a determinadas características personales, más frecuentes entre los trabajadores temporales que entre los de plantilla.
Résumé.
Depuis la déréglementation de 2004, on observe une explosion du travail temporaire en Allemagne. L'auteur procède à un examen empirique de la façon dont cette réforme a affecté l'emploi et ...les salaires. Après avoir contrôlé les effets de structure et d'ordre macroéconomique, il observe qu'il n'y a pas eu de changement du niveau général de l'emploi, le travail temporaire ayant remplacé des emplois réguliers. L'écart salarial entre travailleurs réguliers et travailleurs temporaires s'est creusé après la réforme, ce qui montre que les entreprises recourent au travail temporaire pour réduire le coût de la main‐d'œuvre. Toutefois, la principale raison de cet écart salarial est la plus forte fréquence des déterminants des faibles revenus chez les travailleurs temporaires.
// ABSTRACT IN : Depuis la déréglementation de 2004, on observe une explosion du travail temporaire en Allemagne. L'auteur procède à un examen empirique de la façon dont cette réforme a affecté ...l'emploi et les salaires. Après avoir contrô ;lé les effets de structure et d'ordre macroéconomique, il observe qu'il n'y a pas eu de changement du niveau géné ;ral de l'emploi, le travail temporaire ayant remplacé des emplois réguliers. L'écart salarial entre travailleurs réguliers et travailleurs temporaires s'est creusé après la réforme, ce qui montre que les entreprises recourent au travail temporaire pour réduire le coût de la main-d'œuvre. Toutefois, la principale raison de cet écart salarial est la plus forte fréquence des dé ;terminants des faibles revenus chez les travailleurs temporaires.
Résumé.
Depuis la déréglementation de 2004, on observe une explosion du travail temporaire en Allemagne. L'auteur procède à un examen empirique de la façon dont cette réforme a affecté l'emploi et ...les salaires. Après avoir contrôlé les effets de structure et d'ordre macroéconomique, il observe qu'il n'y a pas eu de changement du niveau général de l'emploi, le travail temporaire ayant remplacé des emplois réguliers. L'écart salarial entre travailleurs réguliers et travailleurs temporaires s'est creusé après la réforme, ce qui montre que les entreprises recourent au travail temporaire pour réduire le coût de la main‐d'œuvre. Toutefois, la principale raison de cet écart salarial est la plus forte fréquence des déterminants des faibles revenus chez les travailleurs temporaires.
Resumen.
A partir de datos empíricos, se examina cómo la desreglamentación del trabajo temporal por agencia en Alemania en 2004 afectó al empleo y a los salarios, controlando efectos macroeconómicos ...y características personales y del puesto de trabajo. Se constata un aumento del trabajo temporal tras la reforma, sin efecto en el total de empleo, lo que apunta a efectos de sustitución. La brecha salarial entre trabajadores de plantilla y temporales aumentó (posible recurso a estos últimos para reducir costos laborales), aunque la diferencia salarial parece deberse sobre todo a determinadas características personales, más frecuentes entre los trabajadores temporales que entre los de plantilla.
News media are often believed to focus on negative events as a means to increase their audience and profits. This study evaluates whether this conjecture applies in the case of the 3 German news ...magazines Der Spiegel, Stern, and Focus in the period from 1997 to 2009. Based on detailed content analyses of issues with political and economic cover stories, the results indicate significant, positive correlations between explicitly negative cover pages and the magazines' sales, after controlling for a comprehensive set of other success drivers and influences.
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