This study provides psycholinguistic and affective norms for 1,252 Spanish idiomatic expressions. A total of 965 Spanish native speakers rated the idioms in 7 subjective variables: familiarity, ...knowledge of the expression, decomposability, literality, predictability, valence and arousal. Correlational analyses showed that familiarity has a strong positive correlation with knowledge, suggesting that the knowledge of the figurative meaning of an idiom is highly related to its frequency of use. Familiarity has a moderate positive correlation with final word predictability, indicating that the more familiar an idiom is rated, the more predictable it tends to be. Decomposability shows a moderate positive correlation with literality, suggesting that those idioms whose figurative meaning is easier to deduce from their constituents tend to have a plausible literal meaning. In affective terms, Spanish idioms tend to convey more negative (66%) than positive meanings (33%). Furthermore, valence and arousal show a quadratic relationship, in line with the typical U-shaped relationship found for single words, which means that the more emotionally valenced an idiom is rated, the more arousing it is considered to be. This database will provide researchers with a large pool of stimuli for studying the representation and processing of idioms in healthy and clinical populations.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Understanding and optimizing single particle rate behaviour is normally challenging in composite commercial lithium‐ion electrode materials. In this regard, recent experimental research has addressed ...the electrochemical Li‐ion intercalation in individual nanosized particles. Here, we present a thorough theoretical analysis of the Li+ intercalation voltammetric behaviour in single nano/micro‐scale LiMn2O4 (LMO) particles, incorporating realistic interactions between inserted ions. A transparent 2‐dimensional zone diagram representation of kinetic‐diffusional behaviour is provided that allows rapid diagnosis of the reversibility and diffusion length of the system depending on the particle geometry. We provide an Excel file where the boundary lines of the zone diagram can be rapidly recalculated by setting input values of the rate constant, k0
and diffusion coefficient,D
. The model framework elucidates the heterogeneous behaviour of nanosized particles with similar sizes but different shapes. Hence, we present here an outlook for realistic multiscale modelling of real materials.
Thermodynamic (mean field) and kinetic modelling is used to analyse lithium insertion into LiMn2O4 electrodes of different sizes, using cyclic voltammetry at different sweep rates. A map of reversibility and diffusional limitations is constructed. This modelling is relevant to understand and predict the voltammetric behaviour of single particles of this system at different size and time scales.
This work investigates the main mechanism(s) that regulate the specific star formation rate (SSFR) in nearby galaxies, cross-correlating two proxies of this quantity – the equivalent width of the Hα ...line and the (u − r) colour – with other physical properties (mass, metallicity, environment, morphology, and the presence of close companions) in a sample of ∼82 500 galaxies extracted from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The existence of a relatively tight ‘ageing sequence’ in the colour–equivalent width plane favours a scenario where the secular conversion of gas into stars (i.e. nature) is the main physical driver of the instantaneous SSFR and the gradual transition from a ‘chemically primitive’ (metal-poor and intensely star-forming) state to a ‘chemically evolved’ (metal-rich and passively evolving) system. Nevertheless, environmental factors (i.e. nurture) are also important. In the field, galaxies may be temporarily affected by discrete ‘quenching’ and ‘rejuvenation’ episodes, but such events show little statistical significance in a probabilistic sense, and we find no evidence that galaxy interactions are, on average, a dominant driver of star formation. Although visually classified mergers tend to display systematically higher EW(Hα) and bluer (u − r) colours for a given luminosity, most galaxies with high SSFR have uncertain morphologies, which could be due to either internal or external processes. Field galaxies of early and late morphological types are consistent with the gradual ‘ageing’ scenario, with no obvious signatures of a sudden decrease in their SSFR. In contrast, star formation is significantly reduced and sometimes completely quenched on a short time-scale in dense environments, where many objects are found on a ‘quenched sequence’ in the colour–equivalent width plane.
This work studies the relation between gas-phase oxygen abundance and stellar-to-gas fraction in nearby galaxies. We first derive the theoretical prediction, and argue that this relation is ...fundamental, in the sense that it must be verified regardless of the details of the gas accretion and star formation histories. Moreover, it should hold on ‘local’ scales, i.e. in regions of the order of 1 kpc. These predictions are then compared with a set of spectroscopic observations, including both integrated and resolved data. Although the results depend somewhat on the adopted metallicity calibration, observed galaxies are consistent with the predicted relation, imposing tight constraints on the mass-loading factor of (enriched) galactic winds. The proposed parametrization of the star fraction–metallicity relation is able to describe the observed dependence of the oxygen abundance on gas mass at fixed stellar mass. However, the ‘local’ mass–metallicity relation also depends on the relation between stellar and gas surface densities.
Mumps is a viral infection mainly characterized by inflammation of the parotid glands. Despite of vaccination programs, infections among fully vaccinated populations were reported. The World Health ...Organization (WHO) recommends molecular surveillance of mumps based on sequencing of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene. The use of hypervariable non-coding regions (NCR) as additional molecular markers was proposed in multiple studies. Circulation of mumps virus (MuV) genotypes and variants in different European countries were described in the literature. From 2010 to 2020, mumps outbreaks caused by genotype G were described. However, this issue has not been analyzed from a wider geographical perspective. In the present study, sequence data from MuV detected in Spain and in The Netherlands during a period of 5 years (2015- March 2020) were analyzed to gain insights in the spatiotemporal spread of MuV at a larger geographical scale than in previous local studies.
A total of 1,121 SH and 262 NCR between the Matrix and Fusion protein genes (MF-NCR) sequences from both countries were included in this study. Analysis of SH revealed 106 different haplotypes (set of identical sequences).
Of them, seven showing extensive circulation were considered variants. All seven were detected in both countries in coincident temporal periods. A single MF-NCR haplotype was detected in 156 sequences (59.3% of total), and was shared by five of the seven SH variants, as well as three minor MF-NCR haplotypes. All SH variants and MF-NCR haplotypes shared by both countries were detected first in Spain.
Our results suggest a transmission way from south to north Europe. The higher incidence rate of mumps in Spain in spite of similar immunization coverage in both countries, could be associated with higher risk of MuV exportation. In conclusion, the present study provided novel insights into the circulation of MuV variants and haplotypes beyond the borders of single countries. In fact, the use of MF-NCR molecular tool allowed to reveal MuV transmission flows between The Netherlands and Spain. Similar studies including other (European) countries are needed to provide a broader view of the data presented in this study.
The nutrient removal, biomass production and nutritional value of the halophyte Salicornia ramosissima were evaluated in the context of an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system. The ...experiment consisted of an indoor fish RAS whose effluent was used to feed two different halophyte hydroponic systems: a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system or a Deep Water Culture (DWC) system. The highest yield of S. ramosissima was observed in the DWC (320 g m−2 day−1), this system showed significantly higher yields compared to the NFT. Both hydroponic systems were effective in removing nutrients from the fish RAS wastewater, contributing to the wastes valorization process. Maximal nutrient uptake efficiencies were: 82.8% and 68.6% NO3− in the DWC and the NFT, respectively; 72.6% PO43− in the DWC and 82.9% in the NFT; 63.6% NO2− in the DWC vs 56.4% in the NFT; and 89.2% NH4+ in the DWC vs 94.1% in the NFT. The lipid profile of the halophytes in the DWC was analysed. The total lipid content ranged from 2.99% to 3.83%. The fatty acids (FA) profile in the leaves was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 66%), which were represented by α-linolenic acid (41%) and linoleic acid (24%), followed by saturated fatty acids (28%) with palmitic acid (22%) as the major component. A small component of monounsaturated fatty acids accounts for about 12% of total FA. Regarding lipid classes, pigments were the most abundant compounds followed by glycolipids, phospholipids, flavonoids and sterols. The study supports the potential of S. ramosissima to valorise aquaculture wastes and its high nutritional interest. The experimental systems minimized waste and maximized resources utilization. Such integrated approaches can contribute to the sustainability and resilience of aquaculture systems while providing additional economic opportunities through the production of high value halophyte products.
•Salicornia ramosissima was hydroponically cultivated in a NFT system and in a DWC system with fish RAS effluents.•The DWC system provided the best yield (320 g m−2 day−1).•Both systems removed >75% of DIN and 80% of DIP present in the effluent.•The lipid profile of S. ramosissima is affected by nutritional stress and cultivation conditions.
A study was undertaken to determine the protein requirements of the Patagonian blennie (Eleginops maclovinus) juveniles as well as the metabolic response of intermediary metabolism enzymes. For this, ...six isoenergetic and isolipidic diets were formulated, containing different protein levels of inclusion (from 9% to 44% dry weight) based on fish meal. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of 40 fish, with an initial mean average weight of 40 g, and fed to satiety for 98 days. Fish fed the 9% protein diet rejected feed and lost weight at the end of the trial, while the other experimental groups gain weight, being weight gain directly correlated to dietary protein. feed efficiency (FE) increased with dietary protein while protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nitrogen retention (% N intake) remained constant when dietary protein was above 15%. No significant increase of weight gain or nitrogen retention (g kg ABW^sup - 1^ day^sup - 1^) was observed when dietary protein was above 30% of inclusion. Below 30% of dietary protein a significant decrease in digestibility was observed, being the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of feed, protein and energy compromised at low dietary protein levels. An exponential model of regression best fitted data correlating dietary protein to specific growth rate (SGR) and dietary protein to nitrogen retention (g kg ABW^sup - 1^ day^sup - 1^). Based on that model, dietary protein required for maximum growth and nitrogen retention was 34.7% and 35.7% of inclusion, respectively and dietary protein required for maintenance of growth and body nitrogen was 8.9% and 10.8%, respectively. At the end of the trial differences in whole body weight were observed for fish fed protein levels below 30%, increasing fat content with the increase of dietary protein. No variation pattern was seen for HSI or VI in this experiment. Specific activity of hepatic amino-acid catabolism enzyme ALT significantly varied with dietary protein, while AST and GDH enzymes were not changed by dietary protein. The lipogenic malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were not correlated with dietary protein, unlike fatty acid synthetase (FAS) which increased with dietary protein. The activity of gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBPase) augmented with dietary protein, while pyruvate kinase (PK) enzyme decreased when dietary protein was higher than 22%. No significant response to dietary protein was observed for GK and HK enzymes. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
In recent years marine amphipods have been highlighted as an alternative live feed resource for Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966 is a native amphipod ...from the Mediterranean Sea and the north Atlantic Ocean and it is highly abundant in southern Spain marsh ponds. Its high potential for being intensively reared has been demonstrated in previous studies, as this species can feed on detritus and presents an interesting nutritional profile. In the present work, G. insensibilis specimens were maintained in closed batches at three different densities (100, 500 and 1000 ind L−1) and fed on dry or wet detritus (uneaten food and faeces from a fish RAS effluent) in order to assess for the first time the amount of wastes that they were able to remove. In parallel, a trial was performed to study the effect of dissolved inorganic nitrogen compounds (highly abundant in aquaculture effluents) on their survival, and the median lethal concentrations (LC50) in 96 h were calculated. Amphipods in all experiments and conditions showed promising survival rates higher than 80%. No advantages were observed when gammarids were maintained at high densities due to the significantly higher ammonium concentrations in these treatments, having an effect on intake but allowing sub-lethal conditions. Indeed, Gammarus insensibilis showed the highest tolerance for nitrate (1308 mg N-NO3− L−1), followed by nitrite (39.77 mg N-NO2− L−1) and ammonium (33.23 mg N-NH4+ L−1). Individuals at low densities removed significantly higher amounts of detritus, between 154.98 and 169.78 mg (dry weight detritus) per g (wet weight amphipods) and day. No differences were observed between removal rate of dry or wet detritus. Thus, authors recommend the use of wet detritus for a better handling and up-scaled trials in open or RAS systems equipped with a biofilter in order to avoid high ammonium concentrations impacting on intake.
•The amphipod Gammarus insensibilis was maintained in laboratory rearing conditions fed on fish farming effluent wastes•Gammarids can remove between 155 and 170 mg of dry waste per g of gammarid (wet weight) and day.•They showed high tolerances to nitrate, nitrite and ammonium concentrations.•Gammarus insensibilis has a high potential as a detritivorous link in IMTA, comparable to sea cucumbers or polychaetes.
Emerging infectious diseases are one of the most important global health challenges because of their impact on human and animal health. The vector-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted between ...birds by mosquitos, but it can also infect humans and horses causing disease. The local circulation of WNV in Spain has been known for decades, and since 2010, there have been regular outbreaks in horses, although only six cases were reported in humans until 2019. In 2020, Spain experienced a major outbreak with 77 human cases, which was followed by 6 additional cases in 2021, most of them in the Andalusian region (southern Spain). This study aimed to characterize the genomes of the WNV circulating in wild-trapped mosquitoes during 2020 and 2021 in Andalusia. We sequenced the WNV consensus genome from two mosquito pools and carried out the phylogenetic analyses. We also compared the obtained genomes with those sequenced from human samples obtained during the outbreak and the genomes obtained previously in Spain from birds (2007 and 2017), mosquitoes (2008) and horses (2010) to better understand the eco-epidemiology of WNV in Spain. As expected, the WNV genomes recovered from mosquito pools in 2020 were closely related to those recovered from humans of the same outbreak. In addition, the strain of WNV circulating in 2021 was highly related to the WNV strain that caused the 2020 outbreak, suggesting that WNV is overwintering in the area. Consequently, future outbreaks of the same strain may occur in in the future.
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