3D silicon pixel sensors: Recent test beam results Hansson, P.; Balbuena, J.; Barrera, C. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2011, Letnik:
628, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The 3D silicon sensors aimed for the ATLAS pixel detector upgrade have been tested with a high energy pion beam at the CERN SPS in 2009. Two types of sensor layouts were tested: full-3D assemblies ...fabricated in Stanford, where the electrodes penetrate the entire silicon wafer thickness, and modified-3D assemblies fabricated at FBK-irst with partially overlapping electrodes. In both cases three read-out electrodes are ganged together to form pixels of dimension
50
×
400
μ
m
2
. Data on the pulse height distribution, tracking efficiency and resolution were collected for various particle incident angles, with and without a 1.6
T magnetic field. Data from a planar sensor of the type presently used in the ATLAS detector were used at the same time to give comparison.
About half of the ATLAS pixel modules have been assembled with the Selex indium bump bonding process. The requirements of the ATLAS Insertable B-Layer (IBL) detector ask for larger and thinner chips, ...two critical parameters for bonding processes. We report on the research and development carried on with Selex to produce modules with 100 mu m thick and 18.8 x 20.2mm super(2) area read out chips bonded with indium bumps.
The ATLAS detector community is entering in the final stages of sensor development for the future upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). An increase by an order of magnitude of the LHC ...luminosity, up to 1035 cm−2s−1, will lead to an increased radiation dose delivered to the detector, especially for the devices located in the Inner Tracker. In 2018, an experimental study of the damages induced by a beam-loss over silicon strip detectors was done in the High-Radiation to Materials facility at CERN. A progressive number of proton bunches was extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron, and focused directly over the strip sensor, in order to emulate the large amount of charge typically generated in a beam-loss failure. This work presents the results obtained during this experiment, showing that Punch-Through Protection effectively protects the AC-coupling capacitors of the silicon sensors from large charge accumulations, but still this scenario could induce damages on the read-out electronics.
Results of an extensive R&D program aiming at radiation hard, small pitch, 3D pixel sensors are reported. The CMS experiment is supporting this R&D in the scope of the Inner Tracker upgrade for the ...High Luminosity phase of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In the HL-LHC the Inner Tracker will have to withstand an integrated fluence up to 2.3×1016neq/cm2. A small number of 3D sensors were interconnected with the RD53A readout chip, which is the first prototype of 65 nm CMOS pixel readout chip designed for the HL-LHC pixel trackers. In this paper results obtained in beam tests before and after irradiation are reported. The irradiation of a single chip module was performed up to a maximum equivalent fluence of about 1×1016neq/cm2. The analysis of the collected data shows excellent performance: the spatial resolution in not irradiated sensors can reach about 3 to 5 μm, for inclined tracks, depending on the pixel pitch. The measured hit detection efficiencies are close to 99% measured both before and after the above mentioned irradiation fluence.
Abstract
Background
The importance of physician training in communication skills for behavior change counselling in the context of chronic disease management is increasingly recognized. However, ...little is known about the quality, utility and psychometric properties of existing communication assessment tools.
Objective
This study systematically reviewed existing assessment tools used to evaluate communication skills among physicians.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines (CRD42018091932). Four databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SCOPUS) were searched up to December 2018, generating 3902 unique articles which were screened by two authors. A total of 57 articles met inclusion criteria and underwent full data extraction.
Results
Selected studies were published between 1990 and 2018. A total of 45 different assessment tools were identified. Only 47% of the studies mentioned any theoretical basis underlying the design of the tool. The most prevalent communication skills assessed were information giving (46%) or gathering (40%), eliciting patients’ perspective (44%) and agenda planning (37%). Forty-two percent were tool validation studies, but the majority (61%) reported on only one psychometric property. Study quality, using the modified COSMIN checklist, varied considerably, with an average score of 4.5/9 ± 1.3 representing moderate quality.
Conclusions
Despite identifying a high number of existing physician communication assessment tools, most were poorly validated and a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of skills assessed and study quality was observed. Most used in-person role-play exercises that are intrusive, expensive, and time-consuming, making them impractical for use within most medical contexts. Successful chronic disease management depends not only on feasible and effective communication skills training among physicians, but also on our ability to reliably assess skill acquisition.
Key messages
Training physicians’ behaviour change competencies is central to improving lifestyle changes among patients living with a chronic disease.
Due to the major methodological shortcomings of existing communication assessment tools, we strongly recommend increased methodological rigor for the development of new tools.
The ATLAS silicon pixel sensors Alam, M.S; Ciocio, A; Einsweiler, K ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
01/2001, Letnik:
456, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Prototype sensors for the ATLAS silicon pixel detector have been developed. The design of the sensors is guided by the need to operate them in the severe LHC radiation environment at up to several ...hundred volts while maintaining a good signal-to-noise ratio, small cell size, and minimal multiple scattering. The ability to be operated under full bias for electrical characterization prior to attachment of the readout integrated circuit electronics is also desired.
INFN-FBK developments of 3D sensors for High-Luminosity LHC Oide, H.; Alimonti, G.; Boscardin, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/2019, Letnik:
924
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
3D type of pixel sensors is a promising option for the innermost pixel layer at the High-Luminosity LHC. However, the required very high hit-rate capabilities, finer pixel granularity, extreme ...radiation hardness and reduced material budget call for a downscale of the pixel size as compared to existing 3D sensors, involving smaller pitch (e.g. 50 × 50 or 25×100μm2), shorter inter-electrode spacing (∼30μm), narrower electrodes (∼6μm diameter), and reduced active thickness (∼100–150μm). Within a joint R&D effort with INFN, FBK has produced a new generation of 3D pixel sensors with these challenging features. In this talk preliminary results from the electrical and functional characterisation of the first prototypes are reported, included their behaviour after large radiation fluence, close to the ones expected in the High Luminosity LHC environment. Prospects for the next prototypes are also presented.
MCC: the Module Controller Chip for the ATLAS Pixel Detector Beccherle, R; Darbo, G; Gagliardi, G ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2002, Letnik:
492, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this article we describe the architecture of the Module Controller Chip for the ATLAS Pixel Detector. The project started in 1997 with the definition of the system specifications. A first ...fully-working rad-soft prototype was designed in 1998, while a radiation hard version was submitted in 2000. The 1998 version was used to build pixel detector modules. Results from those modules and from the simulated performance in ATLAS are reported. In the article we also describe the hardware/software tools developed to test the MCC performance at the LHC event rate.
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