The design of a high-speed IC random number source macro-cell, suitable for integration in a smart card microcontroller, is presented. The oscillator sampling technique is exploited and a jittered ...oscillator which features an amplified thermal noise source has been designed in order to increase the output throughput and the statistical quality of the generated bit sequences. The oscillator feedback loop acts as an offset compensation for the noise amplifier, thus solving one of the major issues in this kind of circuit. A numerical model for the proposed system has been developed which allows us to carry out an analytical expression for the transition probability between successive bits in the output stream. A prototype chip has been fabricated in a standard digital 0.18 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS process which features a 10 Mbps throughput and fulfills the NIST FIPS and correlation-based tests for randomness. The macro-cell area, excluding pads, is 0.0016 mm/sup 2/ (184 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 86 /spl mu/m) and a 2.3 mW power consumption has been measured.
A large prototype of 1.3m3 was designed and built as a demonstrator of the semi-digital hadronic calorimeter (SDHCAL) concept proposed for the future ILC experiments. The prototype is a sampling ...hadronic calorimeter of 48 units. Each unit is built of an active layer made of 1m2 Glass Resistive Plate Chamber(GRPC) detector placed inside a cassette whose walls are made of stainless steel. The cassette contains also the electronics used to read out the GRPC detector. The lateral granularity of the active layer is provided by the electronics pick-up pads of 1cm2 each. The cassettes are inserted into a self-supporting mechanical structure built also of stainless steel plates which, with the cassettes walls, play the role of the absorber. The prototype was designed to be very compact and important efforts were made to minimize the number of services cables to optimize the efficiency of the Particle Flow Algorithm techniques to be used in the future ILC experiments. The different components of the SDHCAL prototype were studied individually and strict criteria were applied for the final selection of these components. Basic calibration procedures were performed after the prototype assembling. The prototype is the first of a series of new-generation detectors equipped with a power-pulsing mode intended to reduce the power consumption of this highly granular detector. A dedicated acquisition system was developed to deal with the output of more than 440000 electronics channels in both trigger and triggerless modes. After its completion in 2011, the prototype was commissioned using cosmic rays and particles beams at CERN.
The design of a high-speed integrated circuit random number source macro-cell, suitable to be integrated in a SmartCard microcontroller, is presented. The direct amplification of a thermal-noise ...source is exploited and an accurate and low-area offset zeroing system has been developed in order to increase the statistical quality of the output bit sequences. Moreover, an analytical model has been developed, allowing the estimation of the output bit correlation as a function of the main circuit parameters. Using a standard 0.18-/spl mu/m n-well CMOS process, a prototype has been fabricated and measured, obtaining a random behavior for an output data rate up to 40 Mb/s. The macro-cell area, excluding pads, is 0.025 mm/sup 2/ (220 /spl mu/m/spl times/116 /spl mu/m) and its power consumption is about 3.6 mW when clocked at 10 MHz.
High rate, fast timing Glass RPC for the high η CMS muon detectors Gouzevitch, M.; Lagarde, F.; Laktineh, I. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2017, Letnik:
845
Journal Article
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The HL-LHC phase is designed to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of data to be collected by the LHC experiments. To achieve this goal in a reasonable time scale the instantaneous ...luminosity would also increase by an order of magnitude up to 6·1034cm−2s−1. The region of the forward muon spectrometer (|η|>1.6) is not equipped with RPC stations. The increase of the expected particles rate up to 2kHz/cm2 (including a safety factor 3 ) motivates the installation of RPC chambers to guarantee redundancy with the CSC chambers already present. The actual RPC technology of CMS cannot sustain the expected background level. A new generation Glass-RPC (GRPC) using low resistivity glass (LR) is proposed to equip at least the two most far away of the four high eta muon stations of CMS Butler et al. (2015). The design of small size prototypes and the studies of their performances under high rate particles flux is presented.
We examine the problem of the relativistic velocity distribution in a 1-dim relativistic gas in thermal equilibrium. We use numerical simulations of the relativistic molecular dynamics for a gas with ...two components, light and heavy particles. However in order to obtain the numerical data our treatment distinguishes two approaches in the construction of the histograms for the same relativistic molecular dynamic simulations. The first, largely considered in the literature, consists in constructing histograms with constant bins in the velocity variable and the second consists in constructing histograms with constant bins in the rapidity variable which yields Lorentz invariant histograms, contrary to the first approach. For histograms with constant bins in the velocity variable the numerical data are fitted accurately by the Jüttner distribution which is also not Lorentz invariant. On the other hand, the numerical data obtained from histograms constructed with constant bins in the rapidity variable, which are Lorentz invariant, are accurately fitted by a Lorentz invariant distribution whose derivation is discussed in this paper. The histograms thus constructed are not fitted by the Jütter distribution (as they should not). Our derivation is based on the special theory of relativity, the central limit theorem and the Lobachevsky structure of the velocity space of the theory, where the rapidity variable plays a crucial role. For v2/c2≪1 and 1/β≡kBT/m0c2≪1 the distribution tends to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution.
•Constructing a new histogram (Lorentz invariant) of a relativistic gas, based on rapidity.•Deriving a true Lorentz invariant relativistic distribution for a relativistic gas.•Showing that the Lorentz invariant distribution matches a molecular dynamics simulation.
The aim of this study was to evaluate if Hyperventilation (HV) could avoid the Intracranial Pressure (ICP) peak that occurs during Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy (FB) in severely head injured patients. A ...Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) > 75 mmHg was maintained in 34 patients, with a subgroup randomized to receive controlled HV during FB. Measurements were done before the procedure, during maximum ICP values and 30 minutes after FB. The HV group had minor ICP values after FB, without differences in CPP and ICP peak values.
Aplicaciones de los nanoanticuerpos en la medicina Ortega-Monge, Celeste; Arce-Rodríguez, Noelia; Santamaría-Muñoz, Maripaz ...
Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet),
06/2022, Letnik:
63, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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Introducción: Los nanoanticuerpos están compuestos únicamente por la región variable de la cadena pesada y se obtienen a partir de algunas especies de camélidos y tiburones. Tienen alta capacidad de ...unión, alta especificidad, tamaño pequeño, alta accesibilidad y alta penetración de los tejidos, por lo que potencialmente podrían ser utilizados para el tratamiento, diagnóstico y prevención de diferentes enfermedades.
Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de las aplicaciones médicas de los nanoanticuerpos. Se examinaron artículos científicos publicados en inglés y español desde 2015 a 2021 en las bases de datos Google Académico, ElSevier, PubMed, Clinical trials, Annual Reviews y ScienceDirect. Se prefirieron los estudios que demostraron mayor valor según el idioma, veracidad de la información y fecha de publicación.
Resultados y discusión: En total, se seleccionaron 21 artículos para ser evaluados y analizados, de los cuales 20 fueron estudios preclínicos y un estudio clínico. Los nanoanticuerpos destacan como alternativas terapéuticas, diagnósticas y preventivas contra el cáncer, la hepatitis C, el Alzheimer, el Parkinson, la diarrea provocada por rotavirus y el COVID-19.
Conclusiones: Los nanoanticuerpos pueden ser de gran utilidad para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de distintas enfermedades; sin embargo, se requiere continuar con el desarrollo de estudios clínicos y preclínicos que respalden la seguridad y eficacia de estos fármacos.
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