CD4 T helper(Th) cell differentiation into distinct T cell subsets is critical to the normal function of the immune system. Until recently,the paradigm held that na?ve T cells differentiated into ...distinct subsets under the guidance of environmental cues(e.g.,cytokines) and that once polarized,these cells were committed to a particular functional state. However,the existence of transdifferentiated T cell populations,which express signature transcription factors and cytokines associated with more than one Th subset,challenges the immutability of T helper subsets and suggests that plasticity is a feature of multifaceted immune responses. How this process impacts immune dysregulation in diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) and the machinery that underlies this process is far from fully understood. Interleukin(IL)-17 secreting helper T(Th17) cells have been heavily implicated in tissue-specific immune pathology including murine models of IBD,human Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Plasticity within this subset is suggested by the existence of IL-17 secreting cells,which,can also secrete interferon-γ,the signature cytokine for Th1 cells or,can co-express the anti-inflammatory transcription factor forkhead box p3,a signature transcription factor of regulatory T cells. In this review we mainly discuss evidence for Th17 plasticity,mechanisms,which govern it,and highlight the potential to therapeutically target this process in human IBD.
Correction for ‘Highly active spherical amorphous MoS2: facile synthesis and application in photocatalytic degradation of rose bengal dye and hydrogenation of nitroarenes’ by Namrata Saha et al., RSC ...Adv., 2015, 5, 88848–88856, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA19442C.
The design of new functional metal–semiconductor heteronanostructures with improved photovoltaic efficiencies has drawn significant attention because of their unprecedented properties and potential ...applications. Herein, we report a phase selective synthesis of ternary CuGaS2 (wurtzite and tetragonal) by simple solution based thermal decomposition of a new binuclear single molecular precursor Ga(acda)3Cu(PPh3)2NO3 (acda = 2-aminocyclopentene-1-dithiocarboxylic acid, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) where the phase selectivity has been achieved easily by changing the combination of surface active agents. Furthermore, we have extended our approach to develop a well-controlled synthetic strategy for the preparation of a Au–CuGaS2 heteronanocomposite with both the phases. A detailed microscopic study reveals that during heterostructure synthesis, an epitaxial junction has been formed at the interface of ternary CuGaS2 and metallic Au. To find out the influence of this epitaxial connectivity on the properties, we have studied the photocurrent and photoresponse behavior of the material and compared them with that of bare CuGaS2. For both the wurtzite and tetragonal phases, the Au–CuGaS2 twin structure exhibits a plasmon enhanced superior charge transport ability and an abruptly high photocurrent density compared to that of pure CuGaS2. Due to efficient charge separation by strong plasmon–exciton coupling at the interface, Au–CuGaS2 can be used as a potential candidate for photoelectrochemical applications.
Highly efficient photocatalytic thioacid mediated amide synthesis at room temperature using CdS nanoparticles as photocatalyst was observed under a household 30 W CFL in water. The operationally mild ...reaction was tolerant to a number of functional group substitutions on amine and could be scaled up to gram. This heterogeneous photocatalyst was extremely stable and could easily be recovered by simple centrifugation for at least six recycling reactions without any significant loss of catalytic performance. The possible reaction mechanism for the photocatalytic thioacid mediated amide synthesis over the CdS semiconductor has also been proposed on the basis of experimental observations.
Efficient photocatalytic thioacid mediated amide synthesis at room temperature using CdS nanoparticles as photocatalyst has been performed under visible light irradiation in water.
This article reviews the successive development of photo‐assisted electrochemical performances using functionalized polymer materials. The photoelectrochemical technologies have already been ...well‐established as a major tool for generating renewable energy harvesting solar power. In this regard, the research on the generation of new photoactive polymer supported units has drawn remarkable attention to improve the power conversion output and build up low‐cost advanced devices. So, starting from fundamental working principle, we have tried to overview comprehensively the key features of most of these studies, which involve the tactical schemes behind the appropriate selection of different substituents to functionalize the polymer skeleton to achieve an optimal bandgap, challenges faced specially in the index of performance in post synthetic phase, the possible routes to overcome the hurdle, so that it can harvest photons matched with the solar spectrum and of course their relevance in the broad range of application window. Apart from photovoltaic solar cell application, the idea has been logically extended to cover highly selective photoelectrochemical sensing devices,where we have disclosed briefly the role of polymers in designing innovative biosensors, the trend of development along with specific illustrative examples, and some of their successful utilization in real time assay. The overall description is entirely focused on how these strategies have emerged from the background concepts and finally shaped to a viable and significant outcome.
The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic has led to a rapid focus on understanding its pathobiology. The constellation of clinical, histological and laboratory findings seen in these patients ...is similar to other forms of viral pneumonia, but somewhat distinctive aspects exist which may raise the index of suspicion for this disease. The pathological findings are not limited to the respiratory system; cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal abnormalities have also been described. Establishing a link between the clinical features and macroscopic and microscopic findings is not only important for the practicing autopsy pathologist, but also for understanding of the disease as a whole. Furthermore, context-sensitive interpretation of diagnostic tests is essential. This article aims to review understanding of clinicopathological correlation in COVID-19, as well as clarifying the role of current diagnostic techniques.
Orthodontic re-treatment may be required in cases of sub-optimal treatment outcomes. These outcomes may often be due to appliance-driven treatment plan, inadequate bio-mechanical considerations ...during treatment or poor operator skills. Common issues include anchorage loss, deepening of bite, incorrect extraction protocols, re-opened extraction spaces and loss of vertical control. To address these problems, traditional orthodontic appliances, skeletal anchorage systems, customized appliances, and clear aligners may offer a ray of hope, provided they are used judiciously. To effectively manage re-treatment techniques, it's important to have a solid understanding of the anatomic limits, biomechanics, and potential side effects. Proper case selection is extremely crucial for overall clinical success in such complex situations. Therefore, establishing guidelines and understanding the biomechanical perspectives of various appliance systems are essential to address these challenges in modern orthodontic practice.
Ordered mesoporous carbon-supported gold nanoparticles (Au/OMC) have been fabricated in one step through a hard template method using gold nanoparticle-intercalated mesoporous silica (GMS) to explore ...two different catalytic properties, for example, electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol and colorimetric determination of glutathione (GSH). The catalytically inert but conducting nature of mesoporous carbon (OMC) and promising catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has inspired us to synthesize Au/OMC. The as-prepared Au/OMC catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis-elemental mapping, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterization results indicate that AuNPs are uniformly distributed on the surface of OMC. The conducting-OMC framework with a high surface area of Au/OMC provides superior transport of electrons through the porous surface of carbon matrix and resulted in its high efficiency and stability as an electrocatalyst for the oxidation of methanol in comparison to CMK-3, SBA-15, and GMS in alkaline medium. The efficiency of Au/OMC toward methanol oxidation in alkaline medium is much higher in comparison to that in acidic medium. The lower value of I f/I b in the acidic medium in comparison to that in the alkaline medium clearly indicates that the oxidation process with Au/OMC as a catalyst is much more superior in alkaline medium with better tolerance toward the accumulation of intermediate CO species on the active surface area. Furthermore, the Au/OMC catalyst is successfully utilized for the detection and quantification of GSH spectrophotometrically with a limit of detection value of 0.604 nM.
Absolute anchorage systems have stormed the world of orthodontics over the past two decades with its ability to produce skeletal anchorage, converting borderline surgical cases into non-surgical and ...extraction cases into non-extraction or even bringing about the esthetic impact which was difficult to achieve by conventional mechanics. Among the skeletal anchorage systems, the most popular being - mini-implants or micro-screws which have an intra-radicular site of placement. Their greatest advantage being the ease and minimally invasive methods of placement and the commonest disadvantage being early loosening during the course of treatment. A more rigid alternative was then introduced called as the SAS -Skeletal Anchorage Systems (I-plate, Y-plate etc) with its extra-radicular site of placement, which did overcome the high failure rates of a regular mini-implant but then their placement required raising of flaps and extensive surgical intervention. More recently an apt balance was achieved with the advent of the -Orthodontic Bone Screws (OBS) which not only had an extra-radicular site of placement in the infra-zygomatic crest of the maxilla and the buccal shelf area of the mandible, with significantly less failure rates than regular mini-implants but also doesn't require extensive surgical intervention for their placement. This article is aimed at providing an overview - to the recently introduced OBS system, their technical, bio material and bio-mechanical differences with the commonly used mini-implant system, the case selection criteria, advantages, disadvantages and an in-depth to the cases treated with them.
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