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•History of cisplatin motivates researcher about explanation of negative observation.•Knowledge of synthesis and purification of cisplatin are useful for medical purposes.•Knowledge ...of mechanism action and resistance may improve delivery of anticancer drugs.•Uses and side effects are useful for cancer patients to understand precautions.•Combination therapies and development strategies help to build more effective drugs.•Understanding of nanoconjugated platinum drugs help to deliver drugs more easily.
Cisplatin or (SP-4-2)-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) is one of the most potential and widely used drugs for the treatment of various solid cancers such as testicular, ovarian, head and neck, bladder, lung, cervical cancer, melanoma, lymphomas and several others. Cisplatin exerts anticancer activity via multiple mechanisms but its most acceptable mechanism involves generation of DNA lesions by interacting with purine bases on DNA followed by activation of several signal transduction pathways which finally lead to apoptosis. However, side effects and drug resistance are the two inherent challenges of cisplatin which limit its application and effectiveness. Reduction of drug accumulation inside cancer cells, inactivation of drug by reacting with glutathione and metallothioneins and faster repairing of DNA lesions are responsible for cisplatin resistance. To minimize cisplatin side effects and resistance, combination therapies are used and have proven more effective to defect cancers. This article highlights a systematic description on cisplatin which includes a brief history, synthesis, action mechanism, resistance, uses, side effects and modulation of side effects. It also briefly describes development of platinum drugs from very small cisplatin complex to very large next generation nanocarriers conjugated platinum complexes.
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) represent the largest enzyme family of the plant metabolism. Plants typically devote about 1% of the protein-coding genes for the P450s to execute primary ...metabolism and also to perform species-specific specialized functions including metabolism of the triterpenes, isoprene-derived 30-carbon compounds. Triterpenes constitute a large and structurally diverse class of natural products with various industrial and pharmaceutical applications. P450-catalyzed structural modification is crucial for the diversification and functionalization of the triterpene scaffolds. In recent times, a remarkable progress has been made in understanding the function of the P450s in plant triterpene metabolism. So far, ∼80 P450s are assigned biochemical functions related to the plant triterpene metabolism. The members of the subfamilies CYP51G, CYP85A, CYP90B-D, CYP710A, CYP724B, and CYP734A are generally conserved across the plant kingdom to take part in plant primary metabolism related to the biosynthesis of essential sterols and steroid hormones. However, the members of the subfamilies CYP51H, CYP71A,D, CYP72A, CYP81Q, CYP87D, CYP88D,L, CYP93E, CYP705A, CYP708A, and CYP716A,C,E,S,U,Y are required for the metabolism of the specialized triterpenes that might perform species-specific functions including chemical defense toward specialized pathogens. Moreover, a recent advancement in high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptomes and genomes has resulted in identification of a large number of candidate P450s from diverse plant species. Assigning biochemical functions to these P450s will be of interest to extend our knowledge on triterpene metabolism in diverse plant species and also for the sustainable production of valuable phytochemicals.
Electrochemical synthesis offers a mild, simple, and efficient tool for the preparation of interesting and useful molecules, thus eluding severe chemical oxidizing and reducing agents used in ...conventional synthetic methods. In particular, electrochemical C−H activation is expected to play an important role in the direct functionalization of heterocyclic compounds. Over the past few decades, the research interest in imidazopyridine and indazole has increased significantly due to their multipurpose uses in medicinal and industrial chemistry. Therefore, structural modification of these heterocycles using electro‐oxidation has become one of the important research topics among synthetic organic chemistry in recent time. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of electrochemical functionalization of indazoles and imidazopyridines published so far. A summary of the current challenges and the future direction for the development of efficient and green electrochemical methods for functionalization of these heterocycles is also presented.
Visible-light-driven functionalization of various organic systems has proved to be extremely successful and reached an impressive level of sophistication as well as efficiency in the last two ...decades. At the same time, organosilicon compounds are significant due to their promising applications in therapeutic agents, drug delivery, building blocks and so on. More interestingly, they are cheap, operationally simple, highly stable, less toxic and easy to handle. In this scenario, an environment-friendly synthetic approach for silylation, such as visible-light-induced silylation, is in high demand at present for molecule construction having the C-Si bond. This perspective summarizes the recent findings and developments in the emerging area of photocatalytic silylation with literature coverage mainly extending from 2014 to February 2021.
This review summarizes the recent findings and developments in the emerging area of photocatalytic silylation with literature coverage mainly extending from 2014 to February 2021.
Organoboron compounds are very important derivatives because of their profound impacts on medicinal, biological as well as industrial applications. The development of several novel borylation ...methodologies has achieved momentous interest among synthetic chemists. In this scenario, eco-friendly light-induced borylation is progressively becoming one of the best synthetic tools in recent days to prepare organoboronic ester and acid derivatives based on green chemistry rules. In this article, we have discussed all the UV- and visible-light-induced borylation strategies developed in the last decade. Furthermore, special attention is given to the mechanisms of these borylation methodologies for better understanding of reaction insights.
This perspective delineates light-induced borylation methodologies, which have been developed in the last 10 years. Mechanistic insights have been explored throughout the article for these UV- and visible-light-induced borylation reactions.
The visible light promoted cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction has emerged as an excellent strategy for the direct formation of C-C/C-heteroatom bonds from simple compounds. The use of renewable ...energy resources without the need for prefunctionalization of the reactant synergistically promote the synthetic pathway towards green synthesis. Although the introduction of the terminology "cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC)" was done by Li's group in 2004, visible light promoted CDC has attracted tremendous attention from synthetic chemists since the first report of Ir-photocatalysis by Stephenson
et al.
in 2010. The efficiency of different transition-metal salts (Ir-, Ru-, Rh-, Cu-, Pt-, Co-,
etc.
), organic molecules (eosin Y, eosin B, rose bengal, rhodamine, methylene blue, acridines,
etc.
), I
2
, and heterogeneous catalysts as photocatalysts in this transformation has been extensively investigated during this period. A number of methodologies have been also developed under visible light irradiation even in the absence of any photocatalysts. In this review, all the visible light promoted cross-dehydrogenative coupling methodologies developed over the last decade have been disclosed. Furthermore, the applicability and the mechanistic pathways of the methodologies have been also discussed.
In this review, all the visible light promoted cross-dehydrogenative coupling methodologies that have been developed over the last decade are disclosed.
Aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of deformation temperature and cooling rate on microstructural features and mechanical properties of Nb–Ti stabilized microalloyed steel. Rolling ...schedule in 3 different phase regimes (γ-recrystallization region at Tnr+50°C, γ-nonrecrystallization region at Tnr−50°C and (α+γ) region) was designed on the basis of critical temperatures, Ar3 and Ar1 (obtained from dilatometric study, Gleeble-3800), and Tnr (determined from Boratto equation). The combination of high yield strength (YS) and ductility of the forced air-cooled (FAC) and quenched specimens rolled in (α+γ) region is attributed to the high misorientation angles of matrix, formation of subgrain ferrite (~2µm)+larger ferrite (~35µm) and precipitation of NbC (<10nm). Whereas, the good combination of YS, ductility and high impact energy of the forced air cooled samples deformed at 1050°C is endorsed to the high fraction of acicular ferrite (76%), formation of degenerate pearlite and precipitation of nanosize TiC. TEM investigation substantiated the formation of shear bands and nanosize carbide precipitates; whereas, EBSD analysis confirmed subgrain formation and misorientation angles of matrix grains.
A mild, efficient, and one-pot protocol for three-component carbosilylation of alkenes with imidazoheterocycle and silanes has been developed by merging iron(II) and visible-light photocatalysis. ...This C–C and C–Si bond-forming method provides functionalized organosilicon derivatives having imidazoheterocycles moieties in good yields. The reaction possibly proceeds through a radical pathway.
The association of colonial power with turban has not been made since the beginning of British rule in India. This link has been developed through various setbacks. The Britishers' perceptions about ...the dress of the native employees was not as same in the 1880s-90s as it was in the 1800s. As the time progressed, the body-politics related to colonizer's sartorial manners in India matured. By attaching the tag of "civilized" to own sartorial etiquette, the Britishers made their social etiquette inaccessible to the natives for power's sake. It was from this mentality that the Britishers created an English-educated class in Indian Native society, who used to consider following many indigenous customs and manners tantamount to their backwardness. Wearing a turban was among one of them. Based on the turban, the sphere of symbolic power that was constituted in colonial India until the end of the nineteenth century will be discussed in this article.
Plant often responds to fungal pathogens by expressing a group of proteins known as pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). The expression of PR is mediated through pathogen-induced signal-transduction ...pathways that are fine-tuned by phytohormones such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Here, we report functional characterization of an Ocimum basilicum PR5 family member (ObTLP1) that was identified from a MeJA-responsive expression sequence tag collection. ObTLP1 encodes a 226 amino acid polypeptide that showed sequence and structural similarities with a sweet-tasting protein thaumatin of Thaumatococcus danielli and also with a stress-responsive protein osmotin of Nicotiana tabacum. The expression of ObTLP1 in O. basilicum was found to be organ-preferential under unstressed condition, and responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses, and multiple phytohormone elicitations. Bacterially-expressed recombinant ObTLP1 inhibited mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungi, Scleretonia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea; thereby, suggesting its antifungal activity. Ectopic expression of ObTLP1 in Arabidopsis led to enhanced tolerance to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea infections, and also to dehydration and salt stress. Moreover, induced expression of the defense marker genes suggested up-regulation of the defense-response pathways in ObTLP1-expressing Arabidopsis upon fungal challenge. Thus, ObTLP1 might be useful for providing tolerance to the fungal pathogens and abiotic stresses in crops.
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