Nowadays, modern nanotechnology has played a crucial role in the diverse domains of science and engineering. In this context, we have summarized the present literature and described the synthetic ...approaches, structural properties, and diverse potential applications of emerging cerium vanadate nanoparticles (CeVO
4
NPs). Since CeVO
4
NPs are an admirable catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical feature, they are used as catalysts, electrodes, sensors, lubricants, solar cells, hydrogen storage devices, and supercapacitors. The effect of diverse factors on the synthesis of CeVO
4
NPs, such as time, temperature, pH, solvent, and concentration, have been successfully discussed and highlighted. Moreover, diverse applications of CeVO
4
NPs, including photocatalysis, sensing, energy storage, and biomedical, have been addressed. Furthermore, a possible perspective for further research on CeVO
4
NPs is also suggested. We firmly believe that this review will be an efficient guide for researchers intrigued by the synthesis and multifunctional applications of CeVO
4
NPs.
Herein, we report the eco-benevolent fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) by a green process using
Polyalthia longifolia
leaf extract (PLLE). Phytochemical screening for the PLLE ...evinced the existence of tannins, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, glycosides, and flavonoids. The produced CuONPs were explored by using XRD, zeta potential, DLS, EDAX, HRTEM, BET-surface area, UV-DRS, photoluminescence, and FTIR to ascertain its structural, morphological, and optical properties. Besides, these CuONPs evinced noteworthy bactericidal performance against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(
P. aeruginosa
)
, Staphylococcus aureus
(
S. aureus
)
, Escherichia coli
(
E. coli
)
, Streptococcus pyogenes
(
S. pyogenes
), and good antifungal performance against
Aspergillus niger
(
A. niger
),
Epidermophyton floccosum
(
E. floccosum
),
Aspergillus clavatus
(
A. clavatus
), and
Candida albicans
(
C. albicans
). The results indicated that the proactive eco-benign fabrication of CuONPs by sustainable “green chemistry” approaches can offer a convenient alternative to orthodox multi-step strategies for the creation of CuONPs.
In terms of cost-efficiency, biocompatibility, environmental friendliness, and scalability, green nanoparticle (NP) synthesis is a novel field of nanotechnology that outperforms both physical and ...chemical approaches. Plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae have lately been used to produce metals and metal oxide nanoparticles as an alternate method. The development of alternative strategies to restrict the growth of hazardous bacteria, as well as the building of resistance by germs to various antibiotics, led to the introduction of nanoparticles as novel antimicrobial agents. Metal oxides have been found to form oxide monolayer structures for drug delivery when they react with a transporter's surface. Metal oxide nanoparticles have emerged as biomedical materials in recent years, with applications in immunotherapy, tissue treatment, diagnostics, regenerative medicine, wound healing, dentistry, and biosensing platforms. Biotoxicology and its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral characteristics were hotly contested. Metal oxide nanoparticles have tremendous applicability and commercial value, as evidenced by important discoveries in the realm of nanobiomedicine in terms of locations and amounts. This paper describes the production of nanometal oxides from various green materials, as well as their applications.
Chromic oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3 NPs) are one of the notable inorganic NPs with outstanding features for several branches of modern science and technologies. Various fabrication approaches have ...been employed in the production of Cr2O3 NPs so as to meet its crucial potential. The ecological impacts and economic obstacles connected to most of the means of Cr2O3 NPs synthesis have contributed to the search for other alternative approaches with economic and environmental advantages. Surprisingly, the biological approaches to manufacturing using plant materials have been found suitable for the synthesis of Cr2O3 NPs dues to its myriad health, environmental, economic, and medicinal advantages. The important aspects of Cr2O3 NPs fabricated using plant broths and biomass augmented its application in antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antileshmanial, antiviral, and antidiabetic. In the area of electronics, chemistry and medicine, phytosynthesized Cr2O3 NPs have attracted tremendous usage in the fabrication of antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antileshmanial, antiviral, antidiabetic, photocatalytic agents as well as fabrication of microelectronic circuits, sensors, solar energy collectors and fuel cells. Notwithstanding, the enlisted advantages of biogenically produced Cr2O3 NPs, the challenges involved in the clarification of formation reaction still remain unsolved. This review presented the overview of the modern improvements in the synthesis, characterization methods, and applications of phytosynthesized Cr2O3 NPs in medicine, and pharmaceutical industries.
The word ‘Nano’ received great attention of world, due to their fabulous and novel applications in numerous fields. Cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) are unique in their properties due the ...size and shape, and are popular in the area of biosensor, bio-imaging, nano-medicine, molecular pathology, antimicrobial activities, photovoltaic cells, semiconductor, and drug delivery, etc. Due to its fascinating applications, it was synthesized using several methods and explored for its all possible applications. The most affordable, efficient, friendly and biocompatible way of creation of CdS NPs is biogenic synthesis using microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, algae, enzymes, proteins and parts of plants. In biogenic synthesis of CdS, cadmium undergoes bio-reduction by the variety of natural products present in microorganism as well as in plants. In present review, inclusive study was piloted on the nano-synthesis, characterization and various applications of CdS NPs made using different plant sources and microorganism.
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•The CdS nanoparticles have been effectively produced by green synthesis using biological substrates.•The effort is made to categorize variety of biomaterials such as plants and microbes under green synthesis approach.•The study made here brings forward minute details of types of green protocols, bio-materials used, particle size, morphology, and multifunctional applications carried out of CdS nanoparticles.•The current review highlights on the diverse approaches of bio-inspired synthesis of CdS nanoparticles and their potential use towards biomedical, energy, and environmental applications.
These days, cancers are one of the major reasons of death among humans worldwide. Thus, scientists and researchers are trying to employ applicable techniques to treat cancers more efficiently with ...lower side effects. On this occasion, various nanoparticles as potential nanocarriers have been used to load anti-cancer drugs to ameliorate the drug delivery restrictions in chemotherapeutic procedures. In the current study, capecitabine (CAP) as a prodrug has been introduced, and the application of diverse capecitabine-loaded nanoparticles for treating cancers such as breast or colorectal cancer has been reviewed. Besides, the co-delivery capability of CAP with other drugs in a stimuli-responsive manner has made these drug-loaded nanoparticles a potential candidate for drug delivery purposes, especially for treating cancers more efficiently.
In this manuscript, the plant extract of Timur (
Zanthoxylum armatum
DC.) was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The pattern of X-ray diffraction ...showed that a pure hexagonal structure had formed, and the crystallite size was measured to be 30.124 nm. Rietveld Refinement verified the phase and structure formation . The production of NPs with a bandgap of 3.18 eV was validated by Ultra Violet-Visible analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The rod-like shape was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the distribution of particle sizes, the average particle size was obtained about 16.24 ± 2 nm. Antimicrobial activity showed that NPs are effective against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
and
Candida albicans
, with an inhibition zone of 13 mm, 10 mm and 17 mm, respectively. It has been shown that NPs have a dye degradation effectiveness of around 95.9% against Congo Red. Therefore, the nanoparticles that were synthesized are useful for the applications including antimicrobial treatment and water purification.
In this context, first-time cobalt chromite nanoparticles (CoCr
2
O
4
NPs) were synthesized using honey as a natural precursor through a bio-derived approach. The benefits of this protocol are an ...easy workup using inexpensive precursors. The textural characteristics of the as-synthesized CoCr
2
O
4
NPs were examined via XRD, FTIR, UV, FESEM, EDX mapping, and VSM studies. Microscopic pictures revealed a cuboidal topology with a mean size of 31.69 nm for greenly produced CoCr
2
O
4
NPs. Furthermore, CoCr
2
O
4
NPs were applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for the facile and one-step formation of 5-aryl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones. The proposed approach offers several admirable benefits, such as straightforwardness, benign reaction systems, shorter reaction time, facile workup, and excellent yield. Also, the as-prepared nanocatalyst was reused (up to 5 cycles) without reducing the significant catalytic performance. Therefore, the present study discloses that synthesizing CoCr
2
O
4
NPs by a facile green approach and assessing robust catalytic performance might benefit nanochemistry research, offering new avenues for organic transformations.
Graphical abstract
Nowadays, emerging nanocatalysts have gained much attention in the field of organic transformations for the development of greener chemistry protocols. Also, the Biginelli reaction has gained ...prominence amidst multicomponent reactions due to the extensive therapeutic significance of the product dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs). In this work, first-time zinc chromite nanoparticles (ZnCr
2
O
4
NPs) were prepared using cow urine (CoU) as a natural source through a biogenic approach. The physicochemical traits of the synthesized ZnCr
2
O
4
NPs were investigated via XRD, UV-DRS, IR, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, and XPS techniques. Furthermore, ZnCr
2
O
4
NPs were implemented as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst for sustainable, uncomplicated, and one-pot synthesis of DHPM analogs. The synthetic strategy offers diverse appealing attributes, such as simplicity, bland reaction systems, facile work-up, reusability of catalyst, and excellent yield. Being heterogeneous, the nanocatalyst was simply retrieved after the reaction and reused (up to 5 cycles) in the Biginelli reaction without any noticeable diminishment in catalytic performance. As a result, the current study reveals that creating ZnCr
2
O
4
NPs through a simple green approach and evaluating excellent catalytic activity may aid nanochemistry research by opening up new pathways for advanced organic transformations.
Graphical abstract
Abstract The Schockley–Quisser (SQ) limit of 28.64% is distant from the Sb 2 S 3 solar cells’ record power conversion efficiency ( PCE ), which is 8.00%. Such poor efficiency is mostly owing to ...substantial interface-induced recombination losses caused by defects at the interfaces and misaligned energy levels. The endeavor of this study is to investigate an efficient Sb 2 S 3 solar cell structure via accurate analytical modeling. The proposed model considers different recombination mechanisms such as non-radiative recombination, Sb 2 S 3 /CdS interface recombination, Auger, SRH, tunneling-enhanced recombination, and their combined impact on solar cell performance. This model is verified against experimental work (Glass/ITO/CdS/Sb 2 S 3 /Au) where a good coincidence is achieved. Several parameters effects such as thickness, doping, electronic affinity, and bandgap are scrutinized. The effect of both bulk traps located in CdS and Sb 2 S 3 on the electrical outputs of the solar cell is analyzed thoroughly. Besides, a deep insight into the effect of interfacial traps on solar cell figures of merits is gained through shedding light into their relation with carriers’ minority lifetime, diffusion length, and surface recombination velocity. Our research findings illuminate that the primary contributors to Sb 2 S 3 degradation are interfacial traps and series resistance. Furthermore, achieving optimal band alignment by fine-tuning the electron affinity of CdS to create a Spike-like conformation is crucial for enhancing the immunity of the device versus the interfacial traps. In our study, the optimized solar cell configuration (Glass/ITO/CdS/Sb 2 S 3 /Au) demonstrates remarkable performance, including a high short-circuit current ( J SC ) of 47.9 mA/cm 2 , an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 1.16 V, a fill factor ( FF ) of 54%, and a notable improvement in conversion efficiency by approximately 30% compared to conventional solar cells. Beyond its superior performance, the optimized Sb 2 S 3 solar cell also exhibits enhanced reliability in mitigating interfacial traps at the CdS/Sb 2 S 3 junction. This improved reliability can be attributed to our precise control of band alignment and the fine-tuning of influencing parameters.
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