The Coastal Ocean Observation System of Murcia Region (OOCMUR) was established in 2008 as a major scientific and technological infrastructure in Spain with the main objective of studying the impact ...of global climate change in the Mediterranean. The coastal lagoon of Mar Menor in southeast Spain was chosen as the first region to be monitored because it is one of the most hypersaline coastal lagoons in the Mediterranean, with a limited exchange of water with the open sea, and it is the largest in Europe. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer an efficient and innovative solution for oceanographic monitoring, allowing a higher density sensor deployment, at a lower cost. This paper presents the design of an ad hoc WSN system and a control software for Mar Menor monitoring using a buoy structure with sensors, energy harvesting, and communications platform. The study focuses on the oceanographic interest of the selected marine area, details of network deployment, the custom-designed sensor nodes, and the results of system operation.
This study analyses nautical harbour activities and their spatial distribution using a high-resolution method of wind-wave hindcasting, in order to identify the location of safe and sheltered ...anchorage areas. We apply this methodological approach to evaluate the ancient harbour of Carthago Nova from the Punic period to the Late Roman period (third century BC–fourth century AD). Literary sources have defined Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain) as the only natural harbour of
Hispania
and one of the best in the Mediterranean, with Escombreras Island as the main natural feature that protects the harbour. Due to the scarcity of archaeological evidence and the transformation the harbour has undergone over time, this study has been considered necessary and carried out in order to supersede the current general and anachronic observations of wind-wave effects. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we analyse one of the main factors that determines the safe anchorage of ships: coastal wind waves. The modelling and simulation of waves have been applied using the SWAN model, paleo-topographic reconstruction, and maritime archaeological data. By means of GIS spatial analysis, an Anchorage Safety Index has been established that computes data from paleo-bathymetry, wind, and simulated wave height. This high-resolution analysis allows us to assess in detail the impact of coastal and island topography on nautical activities inside ancient harbours.
The lattice fluid model in the grand canonical ensemble is presented as a useful system for teaching liquid-vapor coexistence and the PVT surface of a fluid. The state of the fluid in the grand ...canonical ensemble is specified by the temperature
T
, the volume
V
, and the chemical potential
μ
. The
p
̂
(
T
,
V
,
μ
)
and
v
(
T
,
V
,
μ
)
equations of state of the lattice fluid, where
v
is the volume per particle, are derived from the grand canonical partition function in the mean-field approximation. We distinguish between the integral pressure
p
̂
≡
−
Ω
/
V
and the differential pressure
p
≡
−
(
∂
Ω
/
∂
V
)
T
,
μ
, where
Ω
is the Landau potential so that we can discuss finite size effects near first-order phase transitions. The nonequivalence of the canonical and grand canonical ensembles for describing the liquid-vapor phase transition is also discussed.
