Background
Tubal sterilisation is the most popular contraceptive method in the world. Approximately 138 million women of reproductive age have had tubal sterilisation and there is evidence that ...increasingly younger women are being sterilized. With such large numbers of women choosing this option of birth control, it is clear that even if a small percentage of women later regret the decision, large numbers of women will seek counselling regarding reversal from their physicians.
Objectives
To compare the efficacy of surgical tubal reanastomosis and in vitro fertilisation in terms of live birth rates. The morbidity and cost‐effectiveness of both techniques were also to be compared.
Search methods
In a recent update of this review the following databases were searched: Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Review Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1966 to 2009), EMBASE (1980 to 2009), PsychInfo (1806‐2009) and CENTRAL (2nd quarter 2009). We handsearched the reference lists of trials, reviews and relevant textbooks; searched s from relevant conferences, and personally communicated with experts in the field.
Selection criteria
Randomised trials comparing surgical reversal of tubal sterilisation with in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
Data collection and analysis
No RCTs were found that met the selection criteria.
Main results
No data exist on which to report.
Authors' conclusions
There is little likelihood that any future research will be conducted to compare IVF with tubal reanastomosis for subfertility after tubal sterilisation. Therefore this review will not be updated in the future.
Peroxide speciation and formaldehyde measurements have been made on ice cores retrieved from Law Dome, Antarctica. Measurements were made for ice deposited during four different periods: modern, ...pre-industrial Holocene, early Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The data show modern peroxide levels >50% above pre-industrial levels (at ∼1.6 μmol L−1) and an absence of methyl hydroperoxide (down to a detection threshold of 0.003 μmol L−1). Formaldehyde levels show a 40% increase from pre-industrial to modern times (rising from ∼0.07 μmol L−1 to ∼0.10 μmol L−1), with a further increase and possible seasonality near the surface which we associate with post-depositional processes. Peroxide levels in LGM ice are low, but formaldehyde concentrations are high (at ∼0.13 μmol L−1) relative to modern levels. Similar high levels of formaldehyde are seen in early Holocene ice (∼6900 years BP).
A sensitive gradient ion chromatographic method has been demonstrated for determination of nicotine in aqueous solution. The method provides an improvement in detection limit, plus a reduction in ...analysis time, compared with a previously published ion chromatographic method.
ABSTRACT
Results from one long‐term study and one summer‐time field campaign in which the sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratio was determined in mid‐to‐high latitude marine air at Cape Grim, Tasmania, ...are presented and analysed to provide a perspective on the potential role of SO2 in the production of aerosol sulphate at this site. Sulfur dioxide at Cape Grim has a distinct seasonal cycle, with a maximum mixing ratio in summer and minimum in winter, consistent with a similar cycle observed previously at Cape Grim for dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3; DMS) and its other oxidation products. Concentrations of SO2 in the summer were typically 10 ppt (pmole mole−1), which is considerably lower than those found at other sites subject to marine air more equatorial in origin. A modelling study suggests that differences between equatorial and mid‐to‐high latitude marine SO2 concentrations result from lower levels of the DMS precursor at mid latitudes and a lower rate of SO2 production at lower temperatures. The analysis also suggests the existence of an additional non‐DMS source of boundary layer sulfur, relatively more important in winter when DMS levels are low. Entrainment from the lower free troposphere appears to be one likely source.
Thymol as a biocide in Japanese rainwater AYERS, G. P; FUKUZAKI, N; GILLETT, R. W ...
Journal of atmospheric chemistry,
06/1998, Letnik:
30, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Rainwater samples (wet-only; event samples) collected in Niigata in late autumn 1996 and springtime 1997 were used to assess the effectiveness of thymol as a biocide in Japanese rainwater. Upon ...collection each rainwater sample was divided into sub-samples, with thymol added to one sub-sample. Sub-samples with and without thymol were shipped to CSIRO, Australia, for chemical analysis. Comparison of analytical results for each pair of sub-samples proved the effectiveness of thymol in preventing biological action in this region where effects of rainwater microflaura and fauna on rainwater composition have not before been studied. Sub-samples without thymol exhibited lowered electrical conductivity, loss of the cations H^sup +^ and NH^sub 4^^sup -^ , and loss of the anions HCOO^sup -^, CH^sub 3^COO^sup -^, C^sub 2^O^sub 4^^sup 2-^ , CH^sub 3^SO^sub 3^^sup -^ and PO^sub 4^^sup 3-^ . Nitrate showed no change in all but one of the samples, indicating that ammonia was the preferred source of nitrogen for the biological processes that consumed the rainwater organic acids and phosphate. These results suggest that thymol is a suitable rainwater biocide for use under Japanese conditions.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
An approach to restriction-site mapping and contig building that uses fragment-size data from multiple complete digests of a set of clones that oversample a genomic region is presented. Maps ...containing both fragment-length data and clone-end data are maintained for each restriction enzyme. Synchroniza- tion between the maps for the different enzymes is achieved by requiring the clone-end maps for all enzymes to be compatible. Basic concepts that under- lie multiple-complete-digest mapping—including the match/merge approach to map incorporation, extension vs assimilation, ambiguity, and clone-end compatibility—are presented. An initial application of multiple-complete-digest mapping to real data on a set of cosmid clones suggests that this mapping method has exceptional power to produce accurate maps that are well suited to the needs of large-scale DNA-sequencing projects.
To assess the effect of the removal of ovarian surface epithelium on repair, a standard injury was induced in the ovaries of 10 rabbits. In one ovary the surface cells were denuded, and in the other ...they were left intact. The effect on adhesion formation was assessed at 12 days. Adhesions were assessed by visual inspection at laparotomy and histological examination of adhesion formation, including a stereological assessment of scar volume. On visual assessment the overall adhesion scores for the denuded ovaries were greater than for the intact ovaries. Histology showed the adhesions were attached only to the site of injury. The Fallopian tube was adherent to 35 and 4% of the denuded and intact ovarian segments respectively (P = 0.003). The scar volumes for each side were similar. After 12 days there was only partial re-epithelialization on the denuded ovaries. Electron microscopy confirmed the slow healing, with much of the surface still covered by a fibrinous-like exudate. The findings of this small study lend further weight to the importance of the surface epithelium in the control of adhesion formation. Standard surgical procedures may generate adhesions by the inadvertent denuding of surface epithelium from adjacent healthy tissues, possibly by the loss of plasminogen activator activity that is found in the mesothelium of the peritoneum. This study highlights the importance of controlling for inadvertent cell loss whilst investigating methods for adhesion prevention.
Objective: To determine the number of children born after a tubal microsurgical operation and to evaluate the fertility index, a long-term measure of reproductive potential.
Design: A case series ...involving a follow-up questionnaire.
Setting: A tertiary care university hospital.
Patient(s): Three hundred twelve women undergoing microsurgery for tubal disease.
Interventions: A range of open microsurgical procedures including reversal of sterilizations.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Cumulative pregnancy rates to the first and second normal pregnancies and calculation of the fertility index.
Result(s): The 2-year cumulative pregnancy rates (probability ± SE) for a first normal pregnancy for proximal disease, distal disease, tubal reanastomoses, and tubal adhesions were 0.51 ± 0.05, 0.29 ± 0.06, 0.47 ± 0.06, and 0.30 ± 0.07, respectively. Of the 288 (92%) women responding to the questionnaire, 142 women had at least one child. Of the 100 women who wanted a second child, 68 succeeded, the proportions being similar in each surgery category. The fertility index described restoration of normal fertility in 30%, 12%, 34%, and 23% for women with proximal disease, distal disease, anastomotic procedures, and adhesion disease, respectively.
Conclusion(s): The fertility index is a useful measure of long-term reproductive potential. The high recurrent pregnancy rate emphasizes the value of microsurgery in restoring normal fertility to some women.
The surface of the ovary has two types of epithelial cells. We have called these A and B cells and they are found in their own respective zones (A and B). To assess the scanning electron microscopic ...features of these cell types, 65 ovarian samples were collected from biopsies taken from 35 women with normal ovaries. Biopsies included developing follicles, corpora lutea and ovarian capsules. Type A cells were cuboidal and sometimes tall, with a mean diameter of 6.49 microns, and a mean density of microvilli of 6.48/microns 2. Type B cells, on the other hand, were flat squamous cells with broader and flat apices with mean diameters and microvillus density of 11.71 microns and 3.88/microns 2 respectively. The A and B zones were common to all surfaces including the distending follicle. Type A cells overlying the distended surface of a follicle had a mean diameter of 7.03 microns compared to a mean of 6.05 microns for the capsular surface. Type B cell diameters and the microvillus density of both types were more variable and did not differ significantly over any of the surfaces. We suggest that previous human studies which identified flattening of cells over the distending follicle were probably observing B cells. The relationship of the B zones to papillae and surface bridges on the ovarian surface, and the association of these with ovulation sites, suggests that B cells are probably metaplastic cells derived in response to chronic surface injury with ovulation.
The study aimed to assess the congruence of feelings about donor insemination (DI) in couples who have had a child by this means. Male and female partners of 50 couples (in continuing relationships) ...who had had a child by DI individually completed a questionnaire. A Likert scale (0, very unhappy to 7, very happy)was used to assess feelings before, during and after treatment, and the perception of their partner's feelings. Individual partner's responses were also compared for views about the donor and assessment of their relationship. For both males and females, their feelings about DI before, during and after treatment did not correlate with their perceived view of their partner's feelings. This difference was much more striking before treatment started with male feelings (mean ± SD) being 4.1 ± 1.8 compared to the females' perception of the males' feelings of 3.5 ± 1.9 (ttest, p= 0.004)and females' feelings of 3.7 ± 2.0 compared to the males' perception of female feelings of 4.3 ± 2.0 (p= 0.05). In comparing attitudes about the donor, individual couples' views did not correlate well, the exceptions being their views on whether or not to have another child and whether they wanted the same donor. All but one couple agreed that the DI child had brought them closer together as well as agreeing that they confided in each other. The marital interaction assessment showed close compatibility in most issues. The impact of DI on couples affected by male factor infertility raises many issues, the views of which may not be shared between partners. This is especially the case of attitudes about the donor and is of some concern when viewed in the wider context of marital and parent-child relationships. It is not known whether these opposing views have an impact on the later development of these relationships but they should be considered as part of the preparation for beginning treatment.
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