A restricted lesion of the hand area in the primary motor cortex (M1) leads to a deficit of contralesional manual dexterity, followed by an incomplete functional recovery, accompanied by plastic ...changes in M1 itself and in other cortical areas on both hemispheres. Using the marker SMI-32 specific to pyramidal neurons in cortical layers III and V, we investigated the impact of a focal unilateral M1 lesion (hand representation) on the rostral part (F6) and caudal part (F3) of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in both hemispheres in nine adult macaque monkeys compared with four intact control monkeys. The M1 lesion induced a consistent interhemispheric asymmetry in density of SMI-32-positive neurons in F3 layer V (statistically significant in 8 of 9 lesioned monkeys), highly correlated with the lesion volume and with the duration of functional recovery, but not with the extent of functional recovery itself. Such interhemispheric asymmetry was neither present in the intact monkeys, as expected, nor in F6 in all monkeys. In addition, the M1 lesion also impacted on the basal dendritic arborization of F3 layer V neurons. Neuronal density was clearly less affected by the M1 lesion in F3 layer III compared with layer V. We interpret the remote effect of M1 lesion onto the density of SMI-32-positive neurons and dendritic arborization in the SMAs bilaterally as the consequence of multiple factors, such as changes of connectivity, diaschisis and various mechanisms involved in cortical plasticity underlying the functional recovery from the M1 lesion.
The motor system of macaque monkeys, in addition to be similarly organized as in humans, is a good candidate to study the impact of a focal lesion of the main contributor to voluntary movements, the primary motor cortex (M1), on non-primary motor cortical areas also involved in manual dexterity, both at behavioral and structural levels. Our results show that a unilateral permanent lesion of M1 hand area in nine monkeys affects the interhemispheric balance of the number of SMI-32-positive pyramidal neurons in the cortical layer V of the supplementary motor area, in a way strongly correlated to the lesion volume and duration of the incomplete functional recovery.
Background The goal of this study was to investigate the surgical management and outcomes of patients with primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and synchronous liver metastasis (sCRLM). Study Design Using ...a multi-institutional database, we identified 1,004 patients treated for sCRLM between 1982 and 2011. Clinicopathologic and outcomes data were evaluated with uni- and multivariable analyses. Results A simultaneous CRC and liver operation was performed in 329 (33%) patients; 675 (67%) underwent a staged approach (“classic” staged approach, n = 647; liver-first strategy, n = 28). Patients managed with the liver-first approach had more hepatic lesions and were more likely to have bilateral disease than those in the other 2 groups (p < 0.05). The use of staged operative strategies increased over the time of the study from 58% to 75% (p < 0.001). Liver-directed therapy included hepatectomy (90%) or combined resection + ablation (10%). A major resection (>3 segments) was more common with a staged approach (39% vs 24%; p < 0.001). Overall, 509 patients (50%) received chemotherapy in either the preoperative (22%) or adjuvant (28%) settings, with 11% of patients having both. There were 197 patients (20%) who had a complication in the postoperative period, with no difference in morbidity between staged and simultaneous groups or major vs minor hepatectomies (p > 0.05). Ninety-day postoperative mortality was 3.0%, with no difference between simultaneous and staged approaches (p = 0.94). The overall median and 5-year survivals were 50.9 months and 44%, respectively; long-term survival was the same regardless of the operative approach (p > 0.05). Conclusions Simultaneous and staged resections for sCRLM can be performed with comparable morbidity, mortality, and long-term oncologic outcomes.
Forty symptomless strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), belonging to different cultivars, were examined for fungal flora. All the plants had originally been imported as frigo plantlets from ...the same nursery. Assays were performed on frigo plantlets from one batch and on plants grown under field conditions from another batch. Fungal isolations were taken from different parts of the plants (roots, crowns, petioles, leaves, flowers and fruits). Some 40 different fungal species were isolated in all, about 20 from in frigo plantlets and 30 from field-grown plants (with some overlap). About half the fungi isolated were common fungal strawberry pathogens in Switzerland. This paper outlines the problems inherent in the large-scale import of certified planting material containing potential pathogenic fungi that are not detected by routine phytosanitary inspection
E' stata studiata la flora fungina di 40 piante di fragola (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) asintomatiche, appartenenti a cultivar diverse. Tutte le piante erano state importate originariamente come piantine refrigerate dal medesimo vivaio. Le indagini sono state effettuate su un lotto di piantine refrigerate e su un lotto di piante cresciute in condizioni di campo. Gli isolamenti dei funghi sono stati effettuati su parti diverse delle piante (radici, colletti, piccioli, foglie, fiori e frutti). Sono state isolate circa 40 specie fungine in totale, circa 20 da piantine refrigerate e 30 da piante allevate in campo (con qualche sovrapposizione). Circa la meta' dei funghi isolati era costituita da patogeni fungini della fragola comuni in Svizzera. Questo contributo evidenzia i problemi relativi all'importazione su larga scala di materiale di moltiplicazione certificato contenente funghi potenzialmente patogeni che non sono rilevati nel corso delle ispezioni sanitarie di routine
Prediction of eyespot of winter wheat in Switzerland Gindrat, D; Frei, P; Pellet, D. (Station federale de recherches en production vegetale de Changins (RAC), Nyon (Switzerland))
Revue suisse d'agriculture,
(May-Jun 2003), Letnik:
35, Številka:
3
Journal Article
PDF
