Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) functionalised with amine, amide and hydroxyl groups show great promise for CO
2
binding due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds to CO
2
. Herein we report the ...adsorption and selectivity of CO
2
in four iso-reticular MOFs adopting the NbO topology. Functionalisation of the parent MOF, MFM-102, with -NO
2
, -NH
2
and alkyl groups leads to an enhancement of CO
2
adsorption of up to 36% for the NO
2
-decorated MOF and with raised selectivity. MFM-102-NO
2
shows the highest adsorption capacity for CO
2
(184 cm
3
g
−1
at 273 K and 1.0 bar) within this series, comparable to the best-behaving iso-reticular MOFs. At 298 K and 1.0 bar, MFM-102-NO
2
shows a CO
2
/CH
4
selectivity of 5.0.
In situ
inelastic neutron scattering and synchrotron FT-IR micro-spectroscopy were employed to elucidate the host-guest interaction dynamics within CO
2
-loaded MFM-102-NO
2
. Neutron powder diffraction enabled the direct observation of the preferred binding domains in MFM-102-NO
2
, and, to the best of our knowledge, we report the first example of CO
2
binding to a -NO
2
group in a porous MOF. Synergistic effects between the -NO
2
group and the open metal sites lead to optimal binding of CO
2
molecules within MFM-102-NO
2
via
hydrogen bonding to C-H groups.
Synergistic effects between -NO
2
groups and open metal sites lead to optimal binding of CO
2
molecules within MFM-102-NO
2
via
hydrogen bonding to C-H groups.
We report the first example of crystallographic observation of acetylene binding to −NO2 groups in a metal–organic framework (MOF). Functionalization of MFM-102 with −NO2 groups on phenyl groups ...leads to a 15% reduction in BET surface area in MFM-102-NO2. However, this is coupled to a 28% increase in acetylene adsorption to 192 cm3 g–1 at 298 K and 1 bar, comparable to other leading porous materials. Neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering experiments reveal the role of −NO2 groups, in cooperation with open metal sites, in the binding of acetylene in MFM-102-NO2.
To determine the relative efficacy and complications of the Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) model FP7 (New World Medical, Ranchos Cucamonga, CA) and the Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) model 101-350 ...(Abbott Medical Optics, Abbott Park, IL) in refractory glaucoma.
Multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Two hundred seventy-six patients, including 143 in the AGV group and 133 in the BGI group.
Patients 18 to 85 years of age with refractory glaucoma having intraocular pressure (IOP) of 18 mmHg or more in whom an aqueous shunt was planned were randomized to undergo implantation of either an AGV or a BGI.
The primary outcome was failure, defined as IOP >21 mmHg or not reduced by 20% from baseline, IOP ≤5 mmHg, reoperation for glaucoma or removal of implant, or loss of light perception vision. Secondary outcomes included mean IOP, visual acuity, use of supplemental medical therapy, and complications.
Preoperative IOP (mean±standard deviation SD) was 31.2±11.2 mmHg in the AGV group and 31.8±12.5 mmHg in the BGI group (P = 0.71). At 1 year, mean±SD IOP was 15.4±5.5 mmHg in the AGV group and 13.2±6.8 mmHg in the BGI group (P = 0.007). The mean±SD number of glaucoma medications was 1.8±1.3 in the AGV group and 1.5±1.4 in the BGI group (P = 0.071). The cumulative probability of failure was 16.4% (standard error SE, 3.1%) in the AGV group and 14.0% (SE, 3.1%) in the BGI group at 1 year (P = 0.52). More patients experienced early postoperative complications in the BGI group (n = 77; 58%) compared with the AGV group (n = 61; 43%; P = 0.016). Serious postoperative complications associated with reoperation, vision loss of ≥2 Snellen lines, or both occurred in 29 patients (20%) in the AGV group and in 45 patients (34%) in the BGI group (P = 0.014).
Although the average IOP after 1 year was slightly higher in patients who received an AGV, there were fewer early and serious postoperative complications associated with the use of the AGV than the BGI.
Hydrogen bonds dominate many chemical and biological processes, and chemical modification enables control and modulation of host-guest systems. Here we report a targeted modification of hydrogen ...bonding and its effect on guest binding in redox-active materials. MFM-300(V
) {V
(OH)
(L), LH
=biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-tetracarboxylic acid} can be oxidized to isostructural MFM-300(V
), V
O
(L), in which deprotonation of the bridging hydroxyl groups occurs. MFM-300(V
) shows the second highest CO
uptake capacity in metal-organic framework materials at 298 K and 1 bar (6.0 mmol g
) and involves hydrogen bonding between the OH group of the host and the O-donor of CO
, which binds in an end-on manner, =1.863(1) Å. In contrast, CO
-loaded MFM-300(V
) shows CO
bound side-on to the oxy group and sandwiched between two phenyl groups involving a unique ···c.g.
interaction 3.069(2), 3.146(3) Å. The macroscopic packing of CO
in the pores is directly influenced by these primary binding sites.
Summary
Current guidelines for intra‐operative fluid management recommend the use of increments in stroke volume following intravenous fluid bolus administration as a guide to subsequent fluid ...therapy. To study the physiological premise of this paradigm, we tested the hypothesis that healthy, non‐starved volunteers would develop an increment in their stroke volume following a passive leg raise manoeuvre. Subjects were positioned supine and stroke volume was measured by transthoracic echocardiography at baseline, 30 s, 1 min, 3 min and 5 min after passive leg raise manoeuvre to 45°. Stroke volume was measured at end‐expiration during quiet breathing, as the mean of three sequential measurements. Seventeen healthy volunteers were recruited; one volunteer in whom it was not possible to obtain Doppler measurements and a further five for reasons of poor Doppler image quality were not included in the study. Mean (SD) percentage difference from baseline to the largest change in stroke volume was 5.7 (9.6)% (p = 0.16). Of the 11 volunteers evaluated, five (45%) had stroke volume increases of greater than 10%. Mean (SD) maximum percentage change in cardiac index was 14.8 (9.7)% (p = 0.004). A wide variation in baseline stroke volume and response to the passive leg raise manoeuvre was seen, suggesting greater heterogeneity in the normal population than current clinical guidelines recognise.
ABSTRACTSouth Africa is considered an economically progressive country, meaning it is slowly exiting the third world and transitioning towards the developing world. With this comes many challenges, ...some rooted in transportation. Around 80% of South Africans solely rely on public transportation (PT) and are dependent on private minibus taxis. There is little knowledge and evidence on the fluidity and integration of motorised transport systems with non-motorised transport (NMT) in South Africa. Consequently, this work assessed the implementation of NMT and PT in Ekurhuleni. The study adopted a case study research design by analysing the Harambee BRT through a qualitative approach using desktop studies and semi-structured interviews with key informants involved in the project. The work identified five aspects of accessibility (application of the inclusive cities paradigm), safety (sufficient lighting, signage and frequent patrolling by law enforcement), infrastructure (Information and Communications Technology (ICT), walkways, pedestrian bridges, dedicated bus lanes, paving, and tact tiles, universal design principles and an Ekucard system), sustainability (promoting healthier lifestyles and the cost effectiveness of the transport system) and public involvement as the core elements which created a model that needs to be implemented in future projects in order to effectively integrate NMT and PT.
The penetration of renewable energy sources, particularly wind energy, into power systems has been rapidly increasing in recent years. However, the integration of wind power has posed many challenges ...for power system operation. For instance, this type of energy source is relatively variable and unpredictable. The installation of this renewable source might require the grid to transmit power at full capacity and some transmission lines could become congested. As a result, in some operating conditions, wind power could be curtailed, which will drive up costs for system operators. One of the actions that can be taken to support the integration of the wind is using energy storage systems. In this paper, a multiperiod ac optimal power flow problem with battery energy storages (BESs) is formulated and sets of candidate buses for BES installation are identified based on an economic criterion. Tests are carried out on IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems to assess the robustness of storage location on system operation.
This is the first biography of the important but long-forgotten American inventor Charles Francis Jenkins (1867-1934). Historian Donald G. Godfrey documents the life of Jenkins from his childhood in ...Indiana and early life in the West to his work as a prolific inventor whose productivity was cut short by an early death. Jenkins was an inventor who made a difference. As one of America's greatest independent inventors, Jenkins's passion was inventing to meet the needs of his day and the future. When he was away from home for the first time, he struggled to describe to his family the beauty of the Western vistas he saw. Early photography allowed him to share his experiences, but the results showed him both its imperfections and its potential. As an inventor he constantly struggled to improve means of transmitting images, first via film, and later via television. In 1895 Jenkins produced the first film projector able to show a motion picture on a large screen, coincidentally igniting the first film boycott among his Quaker viewers when the film he screened showed a woman's ankle. Jenkins produced the first American television pictures in 1923, and developed the only fully operating broadcast television station in Washington, D.C. transmitting to ham operators from coast to coast as well as programming for his local audience. Jenkins's inventiveness was not limited to mechanical and electronic production of images. His diverse patents include optics, airplane engines, an automobile, and a sanitary milk carton. He also founded the organization now known as the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. Godfrey's biography raises the profile of C. Francis Jenkins from his former place in the footnotes to his rightful position as a true pioneer of today's film and television. Along the way, it provides a window into the earliest days of both motion pictures and television as well as the now-vanished world of the independent inventor.
•An innovative highly integrated, automated, remote-controlled synthesis suite.•A highly integrated automated solution-phase synthesis and purification solution.•A new paradigm that encompasses ...remotely guided chemical syntheses.•A platform open to modular expansion under robotic control.•Engaging ideas that advance the efficiency and efficacy of chemical synthesis.
This article describes our experiences in creating a fully integrated, globally accessible, automated chemical synthesis laboratory. The goal of the project was to establish a fully integrated automated synthesis solution that was initially focused on minimizing the burden of repetitive, routine, rules-based operations that characterize more established chemistry workflows. The architecture was crafted to allow for the expansion of synthetic capabilities while also providing for a flexible interface that permits the synthesis objective to be introduced and manipulated as needed under the judicious direction of a remote user in real-time. This innovative central synthesis suite is herein described along with some case studies to illustrate the impact such a system is having in expanding drug discovery capabilities.
In developed countries, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has declined in the over 50 years age group but increased in younger people. We studied CRC incidence by age and the influence of ...screening uptake.
Age-standardised and sex-standardised incidences for CRC from 1997 to 2017 were obtained from the Scottish Cancer Registry (SCR). In addition, linkage between the Scottish Bowel Screening Database and the SCR allowed investigation of any association between screening participation and CRC incidence.
Scotland and the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme, in which guaiac faecal occult blood test screening was piloted from March 2000 and fully rolled by December 2009.
From the introduction of screening in 2000 through to 2017, 2 395 172 were invited to participate, of whom 1 487 999 participated at least once.
Incidence of CRC.
In the screening age range (50-74 years), CRC incidence peaked at 156.5 cases per 100 000 in 2010 after full roll-out of screening across Scotland but fell to 123.9 per 100 000 in 2017. However, under 50 years, there was a rise from 5.3 cases per 100 000 in 2000 to 6.8 per 100 000 in 2017. When CRC incidence was examined in those who had been offered screening, incidence fell in the participant group more than in the non-participant group after roll-out of screening was complete. Analysis of cumulative incidence demonstrated that CRC incidence in the participant group remained consistently below that of the non-participant from around 7 years of follow-up.
The incidence of CRC in Scotland has declined in the over 50 years age group but increased in younger people. It is likely that population screening has contributed to the reduction in CRC incidence in the over 50 years age group.
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