The Politics of Decarceration GOLDSTEIN, REBECCA
The Yale Law Journal,
11/2019, Letnik:
129, Številka:
2
Book Review, Journal Article
In Prisoners of Politics, Rachel Barkow convincingly argues that the criminal-justice system is deeply broken: the United States's incarceration rate is the highest in the world, and there is little ...evidence that this system, with all its devastating human and monetary costs, is contributing to improved public safety. Prisoners of Politics argues that at the root of this broken system is electoral politics, and that elected officials (legislators, prosecutors, and judges) will tend toward punitiveness. The book proposes a range of reforms, most notably the use of expert criminal-justice policymakers who would be insulated from the electoral process and devoted to ensuring that the system promotes public safety and avoids arbitrariness. The introduction of expertise can certainly help make the criminal-justice system less punitive, and policymakers should heed the book's detailed policy recommendations. However, this Review argues that electoral politics are more likely than the book suggests to help bring about criminal-justice reform. There is nothing inherent about electoral participation's punitive influence. To the contrary, we might be at the dawn of a new era of electorally motivated criminal-justice reform. In the past decade, reform has become orthodoxy in the Democratic Party and has been embraced by significant parts of the Republican Party. Recent grassroots mobilization and subnational elections provide hope that criminal-justice reformers can achieve significant gains through the electoral process. Additionally, original public-opinion analysis shows that younger Americans are less punitive than their older counterparts, and evidence suggests that tomorrow's electorate might be less punitive than the electorate of the late twentieth century. For those reasons, this Review argues that electoral politics can offer a path forward for those who seek to end mass incarceration.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Global climate change is expected to affect waterborne enteric diseases, yet to date there has been no comprehensive, systematic review of the epidemiological literature examining the relationship ...between meteorological conditions and diarrheal diseases. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Collection for studies describing the relationship between diarrheal diseases and four meteorological conditions that are expected to increase with climate change: ambient temperature, heavy rainfall, drought, and flooding. We synthesized key areas of agreement and evaluated the biological plausibility of these findings, drawing from a diverse, multidisciplinary evidence base. We identified 141 articles that met our inclusion criteria. Key areas of agreement include a positive association between ambient temperature and diarrheal diseases, with the exception of viral diarrhea and an increase in diarrheal disease following heavy rainfall and flooding events. Insufficient evidence was available to evaluate the effects of drought on diarrhea. There is evidence to support the biological plausibility of these associations, but publication bias is an ongoing concern. Future research evaluating whether interventions, such as improved water and sanitation access, modify risk would further our understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on diarrheal diseases and aid in the prioritization of adaptation measures.
IMPORTANCE: Body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain are increasing globally. In 2009, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) provided specific recommendations regarding the ideal gestational ...weight gain. However, the association between gestational weight gain consistent with theIOM guidelines and pregnancy outcomes is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression to evaluate associations between gestational weight gain above or below the IOM guidelines (gain of 12.5-18 kg for underweight women BMI <18.5; 11.5-16 kg for normal-weight women BMI 18.5-24.9; 7-11 kg for overweight women BMI 25-29.9; and 5-9 kg for obese women BMI ≥30) and maternal and infant outcomes. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Search of EMBASE, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, MEDLINE, and MEDLINE In-Process between January 1, 1999, and February 7, 2017, for observational studies stratified by prepregnancy BMI category and total gestational weight gain. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. Odds ratios (ORs) and absolute risk differences (ARDs) per live birth were calculated using a random-effects model based on a subset of studies with available data. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were small for gestational age (SGA), preterm birth, and large for gestational age (LGA). Secondary outcomes were macrosomia, cesarean delivery, and gestational diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Of 5354 identified studies, 23 (n = 1 309 136 women) met inclusion criteria. Gestational weight gain was below or above guidelines in 23% and 47% of pregnancies, respectively. Gestational weight gain below the recommendations was associated with higher risk of SGA (OR, 1.53 95% CI, 1.44-1.64; ARD, 5% 95% CI, 4%-6%) and preterm birth (OR, 1.70 1.32-2.20; ARD, 5% 3%-8%) and lower risk of LGA (OR, 0.59 0.55-0.64; ARD, −2% −10% to −6%) and macrosomia (OR, 0.60 0.52-0.68; ARD, −2% −3% to −1%); cesarean delivery showed no significant difference (OR, 0.98 0.96-1.02; ARD, 0% −2% to 1%). Gestational weight gain above the recommendations was associated with lower risk of SGA (OR, 0.66 0.63-0.69; ARD, −3%; −4% to −2%) and preterm birth (OR, 0.77 0.69-0.86; ARD, −2% −2% to −1%) and higher risk of LGA (OR, 1.85 1.76-1.95; ARD, 4% 2%-5%), macrosomia (OR, 1.95 1.79-2.11; ARD, 6% 4%-9%), and cesarean delivery (OR, 1.30 1.25-1.35; ARD, 4% 3%-6%). Gestational diabetes mellitus could not be evaluated because of the nature of available data. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic review and meta-analysis of more than 1 million pregnant women, 47% had gestational weight gain greater than IOM recommendations and 23% had gestational weight gain less than IOM recommendations. Gestational weight gain greater than or less than guideline recommendations, compared with weight gain within recommended levels, was associated with higher risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes.
The association between Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines and pregnancy outcomes across ethnicities is uncertain. We evaluated the associations of gestational weight gain (GWG) outside 2009 IOM ...guidelines, with maternal and infant outcomes across the USA, western Europe and east Asia, with subgroup analyses in Asia. The aim was to explore ethnic differences in maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), GWG and health outcomes across these regions.
Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies were used for the study. MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, Embase and all Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Reviews were searched from 1999 to 2017. Studies were stratified by prepregnancy BMI category and total pregnancy GWG. Odds ratio (ORs) 95% confidence intervals (CI) applied recommended GWG within each BMI category as the reference. Primary outcomes were small for gestational age (SGA), preterm birth and large for gestational age (LGA). Secondary outcomes were macrosomia, caesarean section and gestational diabetes.
Overall, 5874 studies were identified and 23 were included (n = 1,309,136). Prepregnancy overweight/obesity in the USA, Europe and Asia was measured at 42%, 30% and 10% respectively, with underweight 5%, 3% and 17%. GWG below guidelines in the USA, Europe and Asia was 21%, 18% and 31%, and above was 51%, 51% and 37% respectively. Applying regional BMI categories in Asia showed GWG above guidelines (51%) was similar to that in the USA and Europe. GWG below guidelines was associated with a higher risk of SGA (USA/Europe OR 1.51; CI 1.39, 1.63; Asia 1.63; 1.45, 1.82) and preterm birth (USA/Europe 1.35; 1.17, 1.56; Asia 1.06; 0.78, 1.44) than GWG within guidelines. GWG above guidelines was associated with a higher risk of LGA (USA/Europe 1.93; 1.81, 2.06; Asia 1.68; 1.51 , 1.87), macrosomia (USA/Europe 1.87; 1.70, 2.06; Asia 2.18; 1.91, 2.49) and caesarean (USA/Europe 1.26; 1.21, 1.33; Asia 1.37; 1.30, 1.45). Risks remained elevated when regional BMI categories were applied for GWG recommendations. More women in Asia were categorised as having GWG below guidelines using World Health Organization (WHO) (60%) compared to regional BMI categories (16%), yet WHO BMI was not accompanied by increased risks of adverse outcomes.
Women in the USA and western Europe have higher prepregnancy BMI and higher rates of GWG above guidelines than women in east Asia. However, when using regional BMI categories in east Asia, rates of GWG above guidelines are similar across the three continents. GWG outside guidelines is associated with adverse outcomes across all regions. If regional BMI categories are used in east Asia, IOM guidelines are applicable in the USA, western Europe and east Asia.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Global climate change is expected to increase the risk of diarrhoeal diseases, a leading cause of childhood mortality. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the magnitude of these effects ...and which populations bear the greatest risks.
We conducted a systematic review using defined search terms across four major databases and, additionally, examined the references of 54 review articles captured by the search. We evaluated sources of heterogeneity by pathogen taxon, exposure measure, study quality, country income level and regional climate, and estimated pooled effect estimates for the subgroups identified in the heterogeneity analysis, using meta-analysis methods.
We identified 26 studies with 49 estimates. Pathogen taxa were a source of heterogeneity. There was a positive association between ambient temperature and all-cause diarrhoea (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.10) and bacterial diarrhoea (IRR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04, 1.10), but not viral diarrhoea (IRR 0.96; 95% CI 0.82, 1.11). These associations were observed in low-, middle- and high-income countries. Only one study of protozoan diarrhoea was identified.
Changes in temperature due to global climate change can and may already be affecting diarrhoeal disease incidence. The vulnerability of populations may depend, in part, on local pathogen distribution. However, evidence of publication bias and the uneven geographical distribution of studies limit the precision and generalizability of the pooled estimates.
STUDY QUESTION
What is the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and the contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic IR in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to the ...Rotterdam criteria?
SUMMARY ANSWER
We report novel clamp data in Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS women, using World Health Organization criteria for IR showing that women with PCOS have a high prevalence of IR, strengthening the evidence for an aetiological role of IR in both National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Rotterdam diagnosed PCOS in lean and overweight women.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
PCOS is a complex endocrine condition with a significant increased risk of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Using a cross-sectional study design, 20 overweight and 20 lean PCOS (Rotterdam criteria), 14 overweight and 19 lean body mass index (BMI)-matched control non-PCOS women underwent clinical measures of IR after a 3-month withdrawal of insulin sensitizers and the oral contraceptive pill.
MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
In an academic clinic setting, glucose infusion rate (GIR) on euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp was investigated as a marker of insulin sensitivity.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
PCOS women were more IR than BMI-matched controls (main effect for BMI and PCOS; P < 0.001). IR was present in 75% of lean PCOS, 62% of overweight controls and 95% of overweight PCOS. Lean controls (mean ± SD; GIR 339 ± 76 mg min−1 m–2) were less IR than lean PCOS (270 ± 66 mg min−1 m−2), overweight controls (264 ± 66 mg min−1 m−2) and overweight PCOS (175 ± 96 mg min−1 m−2). The negative relationship between BMI and IR reflected by GIR was more marked in PCOS (y = 445.1 – 7.7x, R2 = 0.42 (P < 0.0001) than controls (y = 435.5 – 4.6x, R2 = 0.04 (P < 0.01)).
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The study did not use glucose tracer techniques to completely characterize the IR, as well as the lack of matching for body composition and age.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
IR is exacerbated by increased BMI, supporting intrinsic IR in PCOS. BMI impact on IR is greater in PCOS, than in controls, irrespective of visceral fat, prioritizing lifestyle intervention and the need for effective therapeutic interventions to address intrinsic IR and prevent diabetes in this high-risk population.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This investigator-initiated trial was supported by grants from the National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Grant number 606553 (H.J.T., N.K.S. and S.K.H.) as well as Monash University and The Jean Hailes Foundation. H.J.T. is an NHMRC Research Fellow. N.K.S. is supported through the Australian Government's Collaborative Research Networks (CRN) programme. A.E.J. is a Jean Hailes and NHMRC scholarship holder. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
ISRCTN84763265.
The EZH2 histone methyltransferase mediates the humoral immune response and drives lymphomagenesis through formation of bivalent chromatin domains at critical germinal center (GC) B cell promoters. ...Herein we show that the actions of EZH2 in driving GC formation and lymphoma precursor lesions require site-specific binding by the BCL6 transcriptional repressor and the presence of a non-canonical PRC1-BCOR-CBX8 complex. The chromodomain protein CBX8 is induced in GC B cells, binds to H3K27me3 at bivalent promoters, and is required for stable association of the complex and the resulting histone modifications. Moreover, oncogenic BCL6 and EZH2 cooperate to accelerate diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) development and combinatorial targeting of these repressors results in enhanced anti-lymphoma activity in DLBCLs.
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•EZH2 and BCL6 mediate combinatorial tethering of non-canonical PRC1-BCOR complex•CBX8 binding to bivalent promoters enables GC B cell-specific PRC1-BCOR recruitment•BCOR tethering by EZH2 activity and BCL6 is required for GC and drives GC hyperplasia•Combinatorial targeting of EZH2 and BCL6 yields enhanced anti-lymphoma effect
Béguelin et al. show that EZH2 and BCL6 cooperate to recruit a non-canonical PRC1/BCOR complex containing CBX8 to repress differentiation gene expression in germinal center B cells and promote lymphomagenesis. Targeting both BCL6 and EZH2 elicits strong anti-lymphoma activity in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
Diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) arise from proliferating B cells transiting different stages of the germinal center reaction. In activated B cell DLBCLs (ABC-DLBCLs), a class of DLBCLs that ...respond poorly to current therapies, chromosomal translocations and amplification lead to constitutive expression of the B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) oncogene. The role of BCL6 in maintaining these lymphomas has not been investigated. Here, we designed small-molecule inhibitors that display higher affinity for BCL6 than its endogenous corepressor ligands to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy for targeting ABC-DLBCL. We used an in silico drug design functional-group mapping approach called SILCS to create a specific BCL6 inhibitor called FX1 that has 10-fold greater potency than endogenous corepressors and binds an essential region of the BCL6 lateral groove. FX1 disrupted formation of the BCL6 repression complex, reactivated BCL6 target genes, and mimicked the phenotype of mice engineered to express BCL6 with corepressor binding site mutations. Low doses of FX1 induced regression of established tumors in mice bearing DLBCL xenografts. Furthermore, FX1 suppressed ABC-DLBCL cells in vitro and in vivo, as well as primary human ABC-DLBCL specimens ex vivo. These findings indicate that ABC-DLBCL is a BCL6-dependent disease that can be targeted by rationally designed inhibitors that exceed the binding affinity of natural BCL6 ligands.
This article examines the political discourse surrounding NCLB, educational reform, and how that discourse shaped perceptions of public education during the Bush Administration. Examining mass media ...campaigns in the New York Times and Time Magazine, the article demonstrates how the media has visually and textually framed and reinforced NCLB and market reforms as the only solution to address the failures of public education by attacking teachers’ unions and individual teachers. Visual and textual data were collected, cataloged, and analyzed employing frame analysis in concert with critical discourse and visual analysis.Analysis revealed that media framing presented an overwhelmingly negative image of teachers’ unions as opposed to NCLB and other school reform efforts. Even in the rare instances where unions were presented positively, the debate resonated with general public perception so that even when individuals or the general public are critical of NLCB and educational reform efforts, they support overall premises about “saving” public education.
Though all fields of inquiry have to struggle with their own unwelcome truths regarding unknowability, philosophy's relationship with unknowability is special. But philosophy's woes regarding ...unknowability are all of our woes, since what philosophy reveals as unknowable are pivotal presumptions that are implicated in the general conceptual framework we all presume in pursuing our lives with some minimum degree of coherence. When philosophical reflection reveals that we are not entitled to these presumptions, then our entire grip on coherence seems to loosen. Unknowability then seems not to be localized within some highly specialized field but rather to engulf us globally.
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