Scope
Obesity is a common disease worldwide and there is an urgent need for strategies to preventing obesity.
Methods and Results
The anti‐obesity effect and mechanism of Ligilactobacillus salivarius ...LCK11 (LCK11) is studied using a C57BL/6J male mouse model in which obesity is induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD). Results show that LCK11 can prevent HFD‐induced obesity, reflected as inhibited body weight gain, abdominal and liver fat accumulation and dyslipidemia. Analysis of its mechanism shows that on the one hand, LCK11 can inhibit food intake through significantly improving the transcriptional and translational levels of peptide YY (PYY) in the rectum, in addition to the eventual serum PYY level; this is attributed to the activation of the toll‐like receptor 2/nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathway in enteroendocrine L cells by the peptidoglycan of LCK11. On the other hand, LCK11 supplementation effectively reduces the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and shifts the overall structure of the HFD‐disrupted gut microbiota toward that of mice fed on a low‐fat diet; this also contributes to preventing obesity.
Conclusion
LCK11 shows the potential to be used as a novel probiotic for preventing obesity by both promoting PYY secretion to inhibit food intake and regulating gut microbiota.
This study reportes that Lactobacillus salivarius LCK11 (LCK11) can prevent high‐fat diet‐induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice, not only due to LCK11 that can promote PYY secretion of L cells depending on TLR2/NF‐κB signaling pathway, but also inhibit high‐fat diet induced gut microbiota dysbiosis.
The socioeconomic costs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in China and its impact on global economic burden remain uncertain.
We collected data from 3098 patients with AD in 81 representative centers ...across China and estimated AD costs for individual patient and total patients in China in 2015. Based on this data, we re-estimated the worldwide costs of AD.
The annual socioeconomic cost per patient was US $19,144.36, and total costs were US $167.74 billion in 2015. The annual total costs are predicted to reach US $507.49 billion in 2030 and US $1.89 trillion in 2050. Based on our results, the global estimates of costs for dementia were US $957.56 billion in 2015, and will be US $2.54 trillion in 2030, and US $9.12 trillion in 2050, much more than the predictions by the World Alzheimer Report 2015.
China bears a heavy burden of AD costs, which greatly change the estimates of AD cost worldwide.
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•Electrospun quad-axial nanofibers can be fabricated by quadriaxial electrospinning.•The quad-axial configuration of the nanofibers can improve the functionality.•Drugs can be ...encapsulated in the different layers of quad-axial nanofibers.
It is of great importance and a major challenge to achieve a controlled delivery of specific types of active ingredients for tissue regeneration. Herein, we report a system comprised of electrospun quad-axial nanofibers fabricated by quadriaxial electrospinning, with the material components in the different layers can be well regulated. The quad-axial nanofibers allow the regulation of the type of materials in different layers as well as the manipulation of the location of drug in the nanofibers, representing a promising controlled drug release system. In one typical example, we apply polycaprolactone to construct both the outermost and second innermost layers while gelatin to construct both the second outermost and innermost layers. The nanofibers with a cleared four-layered nanostructure are confirmed by morphological evaluations. Moxifloxacin, a type of antibacterial drug serving as a model of therapeutic payload, is encapsulated in the different layers of the nanofibers, realizing an effective control of the drug delivery. In addition, the efficacy for drug delivery with the use of quad-axial nanofibers is superior to that of core-sheath and blended nanofibers. This quadriaxial electrospinning technique can be widely used for the co-delivery of factor cocktails in a designed sequence, which will show great potential for tissue engineering.
Objective
The pathological characteristics of cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (CIRI) are complex, and the mechanism involved remains unknown. The treatment for CIRI has become an increasingly ...important challenge in the clinic, prompting us to explore the mechanism of CIRI. It was reported that GLP‐1 receptor agonist, Liraglutide, exhibited alleviating effects on CIRI. The previous findings suggested that the administration of Liraglutide in rodents results in the attenuation of the infarct volume following ischemia‐reperfusion injury by mediating the reactive oxygen species, apoptotic and necroptotic pathways.
Methods
Here, a proteomic study was performed aiming to clarify the physiological protection role of GLP‐1 receptor agonist during the development of CIRI in MCAO mice. This proteomic investigations is contributed to reveal the mechanism associated with the treatment of GLP‐1 receptor agonist in MCAO mice.
Results
The results indicated that the occurrence of ischemia‐reperfusion led to complex pathological processes, including inflammation, necroptosis and apoptosis. The treatment of Liraglutide significantly reduced the infract volume resulted from ischemia reperfusion injury. The proteomic data revealed that the administration of Liraglutide in MCAO mice induced the various effects on proteins expression level and phosphorylation.
Conclusions
The findings in this study was beneficial for identifying the novel therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemia reperfusion.
Liraglutide, a GLP‐1 receptor agonist, effectively reduced the infarct volume in the brain in MCAO mice. The physiological effects of liraglutide in ischemia‐reperfusion injury were dependent on the suppression of oxidative stress, on the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and a reduction in the inflammatory response.
•Pig manure derived biochars (PBCs) have the best adsorption capacity for Cd2+.•The contribution of involved Cd2+ removal mechanism varied with feedstock.•Cd2+-π interaction was the predominant ...mechanism for Cd2+ removal on biochars.•The ash content play an important role in the removal of heavy metal by PBCs.
The objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption behavior and the relative distribution of Cd2+ sorption mechanisms on biochars by different feedstock. Bamboo biochars (BBCs), corn straw biochars (CBCs) and pig manure biochars (PBCs) were prepared at 300–700 °C. Adsorption results showed PBCs have the best adsorption capacity for Cd2+, the extra adsorption capacity of PBCs mainly attributed to the precipitation or cation exchange, which played an important role in the removal of Cd2+ by PBCs. The contribution of involved Cd2+ removal mechanism varied with feedstock due to the different components and oxygen-containing functional groups. Cd2+-π interaction was the predominant mechanism for Cd2+ removal on biochars and the contribution proportion significantly decreased from 82.17% to 61.83% as the ash content increased from 9.40% to 58.08%. Results from this study may suggest that the application of PBC is a feasible strategy for removing metal contaminants from aqueous solutions.
Background Stem cells are the main choice for seed cells in tissue engineering, but using most traditional stem cells requires invasive and complicated procedures. Human urine-derived stem cells ...(hUSCs) are an alternative stem cell source with the advantages of being isolated noninvasively and repetitively from the same individual. The aim of this study was to compare chondrogenesis-related biological behaviors between hUSCs and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) from the same individual. Methods hUSCs and hBMSCs were isolated from six patients who underwent iliac bone grafting. Cell morphology, proliferation, colony-forming, migration, and multidifferentiation analyses were performed in vitro. Then, acellular cartilage extracellular matrix (ACM) scaffolds were fabricated for in vivo implantation. The comparisons of cell viability, morphology, proliferation, and chondrogenesis between hUSCs and hBMSCs cultured on scaffolds were performed before implantation. The scaffolds loaded with hUSCs or hBMSCs were implanted into a rabbit knee model to repair cartilage defects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and micro-computed tomography (muCT) Analyses, inflammation and toxicity assays, gross observation, and histological evaluation were performed to evaluate the cartilage repair effects. Results In in vitro experiments, hUSCs had better capacity for proliferation, colony-forming, and migration compared to hBMSCs in the same passage, while hBMSCs had greater osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic abilities compared to hUSCs in the same passage. Both hUSCs and hBMSCs at passage 3 had the strongest potential for proliferation, colony-forming, and multilineage differentiation compared to cells in other passages. The ACM scaffolds loaded with hUSCs or hBMSCs both significantly promoted the repair of cartilage defects in the rabbit knee model at 12 weeks' postimplantation, and the new tissue was mainly hyaline cartilage. However, there was no significant difference in cartilage repair effects between hUSCs and hBMSCs. Conclusions In in vitro experiments, hUSCs presented better capacity for proliferation, while hBMSCs had greater chondrogenic ability. However, hUSCs and hBMSCs had similar cartilage repair effects in vivo. Results indicated that hUSCs can be a stem cell alternative for cartilage regeneration and provide a powerful platform for cartilage tissue engineering and clinical transformation. Graphical abstract Keywords: Human urine-derived stem cells, Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, Stem cells, Acellular cartilage extracellular matrix, Cartilage repair, Hyaline cartilage regeneration
ABSTRACT
The physiologic properties of glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) make it a potent candidate drug target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP‐1 is capable of regulating the ...blood glucose level by insulin secretion after administration of oral glucose. The advantages of GLP‐1 for the avoidance of hypoglycemia and the control of body weight are attractive despite its poor stability. The clinical efficacies of long‐acting GLP‐1 derivatives strongly support discovery pursuits aimed at identifying and developing orally active, small‐molecule GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize a novel oral agonist of GLP‐1R (i.e., myricetin). The insulinotropic characterization of myricetin was performed in isolated islets and in Wistar rats. Long‐term oral administration of myricetin demonstrated glucoregulatory activity. The data in this study suggest that myricetin might be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of T2DM as a GLP‐1R agonist. Further structural modifications on myricetin might improve its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.—Li, Y., Zheng, X., Yi, X., Liu, C., Kong, D., Zhang, J., Gong, M. Myricetin: a potent approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as a natural class B GPCR agonist. FASEB J. 31, 2603–2611 (2017). www.fasebj.org
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Oral colon targeted drug delivery system (OCTDDS) is desirable for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we designed a partially oxidized sodium alginate-chitosan ...crosslinked microsphere for UC treatment. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) was used to study the formation and enzyme response of gel beads from a molecular perspective. The formed gel beads have a narrow particle size distribution, a compact structure, low cytotoxicity and great colon targeting in vitro and in vivo. Animal experiments demonstrated that gel beads promoted colonic epithelial barrier integrity, decreased the level of pro-inflammatory factors, accelerated the recovery of intestinal microbial homeostasis in UC rats and restored the intestinal metabolic disorders. In conclusion, our gel bead is a promising approach for the treatment of UC and significant for the researches on the pathogenesis and treatment mechanism of UC.
This Letter presents an optimised cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filter sharpening algorithm embedding a fifth-order finite impulse response filter, which improves the worst-case alias rejection and ...simultaneously compensates the passband droop. The sharpening filter is designed without multipliers, which reduces hardware complexity. The results of a fourth-order CIC filter design practice show that the proposed algorithm improves the worst-case alias rejection to 128 dB, meanwhile the passband distortion is only 0.015 dB.
Photonic Hall effect (PHE) can be realized in the multiple-channel photonic crystal waveguide. By modulating the polarization state of the incident light, the light can propagate in any one or more ...of the four channels of the waveguide, while the light energy in the other channels is very weak. Its fascinating behavior can be explained by the theory of interference of the two component waves. We believe that our results will have important applications in photonic integrated circuits.
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