High‐efficiency electromagnetic (EM) functional materials are the core building block of high‐performance EM absorbers and devices, and they are indispensable in various fields ranging from ...industrial manufacture to daily life, or even from national defense security to space exploration. Searching for high‐efficiency EM functional materials and realizing high‐performance EM devices remain great challenges. Herein, a simple solution‐process is developed to rapidly grow gram‐scale organic–inorganic (MAPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite microcrystals. They exhibit excellent EM response in multi bands covering microwaves, visible light, and X‐rays. Among them, outstanding microwave absorption performance with multiple absorption bands can be achieved, and their intrinsic EM properties can be tuned by adjusting polar group. An ultra‐wideband bandpass filter with high suppression level of −71.8 dB in the stopband in the GHz band, self‐powered photodetectors with tunable broadband or narrowband photoresponse in the visible‐light band, and a self‐powered X‐ray detector with high sensitivity of 3560 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 in the X‐ray band are designed and realized by precisely regulating the physical features of perovskite and designing a novel planar device structure. These findings open a door toward developing high‐efficiency EM functional materials for realizing high‐performance EM absorbers and devices.
A facile one‐step solution processing method is developed to rapidly prepare gram‐scale MAPbX3 microcrystals. Utilizing its intrinsic electromagnetic (EM) properties, a series of EM devices is designed and fabricated, which can be applied in the fields of ultra‐wideband bandpass filters and multi‐band photodetection covering X‐rays, UV, visible light, and microwaves.
A practical method through sunlight mediated annulation of α,β‐unsaturated hydrazones has been developed for the synthesis of pyrazole. Based on the analysis of UV‐Vis absorption of the substrate, ...the reaction was designed to avoid the use of external photocatalysis and proceeds via direct irradiation of N‐centred anion by sunlight. The key features of this reaction include operational simplicity, readily available reagents, and amenability to gram‐scale synthesis.
Wheat (
Triticum aestivum
) is a staple crop across the world and plays a remarkable role in food supplying security. Over the past few decades, basic and applied research on wheat has lagged behind ...other cereal crops due to the complex and polyploid genome and difficulties in genetic transformation. A breakthrough called as PureWheat was made in the genetic transformation of wheat in 2014 in Asia, leading to a noticeable progress of wheat genome editing. Due to this great achievement, it is predicated that wheat biotechnology revolution is arriving. Genome editing technologies using zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nuclease, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated endonucleases (CRISR/Cas) are becoming powerful tools for crop modification which can help biologists and biotechnologists better understand the processes of mutagenesis and genomic alteration. Among the three genome editing systems, CRISR/Cas has high specificity and activity, and therefore it is widely used in genetic engineering. Generally, the genome editing technologies depend on an efficient genetic transformation system. In this paper, we summarize recent progresses and applications on genetic transformation and genome editing in wheat. We also examine the future aspects of genetic transformation and genome editing. We believe that the technologies for wheat efficient genetic engineering and functional studies will become routine with the emergence of high-quality genomic sequences.
Herein we disclose an organocatalytic aryl–aryl bond-forming process for the regio- and atroposelective synthesis of 2,2′-diamino-1,1′-binaphthalenes (BINAMs). In the presence of catalytic amounts ...of axially chiral phosphoric acids, achiral N,N′-binaphthyl hydrazines undergo a facile 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement to afford enantiomerically enriched BINAM derivatives in good to excellent yield. This transformation represents the first example of a metal-free, catalytic C(sp2)–C(sp2) bond formation between two aromatic rings with concomitant de novo atroposelective installation of an axis of chirality. Density functional calculations reveal that, in the transition state for C–C bond formation, the phosphoric acid proton of the catalyst is fully transferred to one of the N-atoms of the substrate, and the resulting phosphate acts as a chiral counterion.
Heterotrimeric G proteins consisting of Gα, Gβ and Gγ are conserved signaling hubs in eukaryotes. Without analogs to canonical animal G protein‐coupled receptors, plant cells are thought to use RGS1 ...and a yet unknown mechanism to regulate the activity of Gα. Meanwhile, the exact role of canonical Gα in plant innate immunity remains controversial. Here, we report multiple immune deficiencies in the null allele of Arabidopsis Gα (GPA1) in response to bacterial flg22 elicitor, clarifying a positive regulatory role of GPA1 in flg22 signaling. We also detect overall increased phosphorylation of GPA1 but reduced phosphorylation at Thr19 upon flg22 elicitation. Interestingly, flg22 could not induce phosphorylation of GPA1T19A and GPA1T19D, suggesting that the dynamic Thr19 phosphorylation is required for GPA1 to respond to flg22. Moreover, flg22‐induced GPA1 phosphorylation is largely abolished in the absence of BAK1 in vivo, and BAK1 could phosphorylate GPA1 but not GPA1T19A in vitro at the phosphorylation sites identified in vivo, suggesting BAK1 is likely the kinase for GPA1 phosphorylation in response to flg22. Furthermore, the T19A mutation could promote flg22‐induced association, rather than dissociation, between GPA1 and RGS1. Taken together, our findings shed new insights into the function and regulation of GPA1 in Arabidopsis defense signaling.
Canonical G protein alpha (GPA1) is thought to play a negligible role in Arabidopsis immunity. Here we show genetic and phosphoproteomic evidence that GPA1 positively regulates immunity. Bacterial flagellin can enhance GPA1 phosphorylation through the co‐receptor BAK1, where dynamic phosphorylation of Thr19 is indispensable for GPA1 to respond to flagellin.
A series of true-triaxial compression tests were performed on red sandstone cubic specimens with a circular hole to investigate the influence of depth on induced spalling in tunnels. The failure ...process of the hole sidewalls was monitored and recorded in real-time by a micro-video monitoring equipment. The general failure evolution processes of the hole sidewall at different initial depths (500 m, 1000 m and 1500 m) during the adjustment of vertical stress were obtained. The results show that the hole sidewall all formed spalling before resulting in strain rockburst, and ultimately forming a V-shaped notch. The far-field principal stress for the initial failure of the tunnel shows a good positive linear correlation with the depth. As the depth increases, the stress required for the initial failure of the tunnels clearly increased, the spalling became more intense; the size and mass of the rock fragments and depth and width of the V-shaped notches increased, and the range of the failure zone extends along the hole sidewall from the local area to the entire area. Therefore, as the depth increases, the support area around the tunnel should be increased accordingly to prevent spalling.
To study the energy storage and dissipation characteristics of deep rock under two-dimensional compression with constant confining pressure, the single cyclic loading-unloading two-dimensional ...compression tests were performed on granite specimens with two height-to-width (
H/W
) ratios under five confining pressures. Three energy density parameters (input energy density, elastic energy density and dissipated energy density) in the axial and lateral directions of granite specimens under different confining pressures were calculated using the area integral method. The experimental results show that, for the specimens with a specific
H/W
ratio, these three energy density parameters in the axial and lateral directions increase nonlinearly with the confining pressure as quadratic polynomial functions. Under constant confining pressure compression, the linear energy storage law of granite specimens in the axial and lateral directions was founded. Using the linear energy storage law in different directions, the elastic energy density in various directions (axial elastic energy density, lateral elastic energy density and total elastic energy density) of granite under any specific confining pressures can be calculated. When the
H/W
ratio varies from 1:1 to 2:1, the lateral compression energy storage coefficient increases and the corresponding axial compression energy storage coefficient decreases, while the total compression energy storage coefficient is almost independent of the
H/W
ratio.
SUMMARY
Lysin motif (LysM) is a carbohydrate‐binding module often found in secreted or transmembrane proteins in living organisms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Thus far, all characterized ...LysM‐containing proteins in plants are plasma membrane‐resident receptors or co‐receptors playing roles in plant–microbe interactions. Here, we interrogate the Arabidopsis LysM/F‐box‐containing protein InLYP1 and reveal its function in glycine metabolism. InLYP1 was mainly expressed by vigorously growing tissues, encoding a nuclear‐cytoplasmic protein. We validated InLYP1 as part of the SKP1‐CULLIN1‐F‐box E3 complex for mediating protein degradation. The glycine decarboxylase P‐protein 1 (GLDP1) was identified as an InLYP1‐interacting protein by both immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry and yeast two‐hybrid library screening. InLYP1 could also interact with GLDP2, a paralog of GLDP1 with weaker catalytic activity, and could mediate the degradation of GLDP2 but not GLDP1. Interestingly, both GLDPs could be O‐glycosylated and form homodimers or heterodimers. Overexpression of InLYP1L9A encoding a dominant‐negative variant could cause seedling germination retardation on the medium containing glycine. Collectively, these results shed light on the function of plant intracellular LysM‐containing proteins, and suggest that InLYP1 may deplete GLDP2 to facilitate glycine decarboxylation in Arabidopsis.
Significance Statement
Lysin motif (LysM) is a carbohydrate‐binding module often found in secreted or transmembrane proteins in living organisms, and all LysM‐containing proteins characterized so far in plants are transmembrane receptors or co‐receptors regulating plant–microbe interactions. This work reveals a role of InLYP1, an Arabidopsis intracellular LysM‐containing protein, in regulating glycine metabolism and assigns additional function to the LysM module in plants beyond binding to microbe‐associated carbohydrate molecules.
A comparison of different CRISPR systems and promoters using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in wheat shows the SpCas9 system to be the most efficient for genome editing, and a high haploid ...induction rate is achieved by editing TaMTL.
Abstract
The use of CRISPR/LbCpf1 and CRISPR/xCas9 systems in wheat have not yet been reported. In this study, we compared the efficiencies of three CRISPR editing systems (SpCas9, LbCpf1, and xCas9), and three different promoters (OsU6a, TaU3, and TaU6) that drive single-guide (sg)RNA, which were introduced into wheat via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The results indicated that TaU3 was a better choice than OsU6a or TaU6. The editing efficiency was higher using two sgRNAs than one sgRNA, and mutants with a large fragment deletion between the two sgRNAs were produced. The LbCpf1 and xCas9 systems could both be used successfully. Two endogenous genes, TaWaxy and TaMTL, were edited with high efficiency by the optimized SpCas9 system, with the highest efficiency (80.5%) being achieved when using TaU3 and two sgRNAs to target TaWaxy. Rates of seed set in the TaMTL-edited T0 transgenic plants were much lower than that of the wild-type. A haploid induction rate of 18.9% was found in the TaMTL-edited T1 plants using the CRISPR/SpCas9 system. Mutants with reverse insertion of the deleted sequences of TaMTL and TaWaxy between the two sgRNAs were identified in the edited T0 plants. In addition, wheat grains lacking embryos or endosperms were observed in the TaMTL-edited T1 generation.
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