We analyzed 24 beer strains from different origins by using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of different gene regions, and six new Saccharomyces cerevisiae x Saccharomyces ...kudriavzevii hybrid strains were found. This is the first time that the presence in brewing of this new type of hybrid has been demonstrated. From the comparative molecular analysis of these natural hybrids with respect to those described in wines, it can be concluded that these originated from at least two hybridization events and that some brewing hybrids share a common origin with wine hybrids. Finally, a reduction of the S. kudriavzevii fraction of the hybrid genomes was observed, but this reduction was found to vary among hybrids regardless of the source of isolation. The fact that 25% of the strains analyzed were discovered to be S. cerevisiae x S. kudriavzevii hybrids suggests that an important fraction of brewing strains classified as S. cerevisiae may correspond to hybrids, contributing to the complexity of Saccharomyces diversity in brewing environments. The present study raises new questions about the prevalence of these new hybrids in brewing as well as their contribution to the properties of the final product.
Since Lawrence in 2001 proposed the open access (OA) citation advantage, the potential benefit of OA in relation to citation impact has been discussed in depth. The methodology to test this postulate ...ranges from comparing the impact factors of OA journals versus traditional ones, to comparing citations of OA versus non-OA articles published in the same non-OA journals. However, conclusions are not entirely consistent among fields, and two possible explications have been suggested in those fields where a citation advantage has been observed for OA: the early view and the selection bias postulates. In this study, a longitudinal and multidisciplinary analysis of gold OA citation advantage is developed. All research articles in all journals for all subject categories in the multidisciplinary database Web of Science are considered. A total of 1,138,392 articles—60,566 (5.3%) OA articles and 1,077,826 (94.7%) non-OA articles—published in 2009 are analysed. The citation window considered goes from 2009 to 2014, and data are aggregated for the 249 disciplines (subject categories). At journal level, we also study the evolution of journal impact factors for OA and non-OA journals in those disciplines whose OA prevalence is higher (top 36 subject categories). As the main conclusion, there is no generalizable gold OA citation advantage, neither at article nor at journal level.
The development of natural‐based adhesives is a key aspect in reducing the consumption of fossil resources, in adapting to legislation on the use of formaldehyde and in ensuring the sustainability of ...the wood panel industry. This study focuses on five alternatives for tannin‐based adhesives (tannin‐paraformaldehyde, tannin‐glyoxal, tannin‐hexamine, tannin non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) with ammonium hydroxide and tannin NIPU with HDMA bio‐adhesives) as potential proposals for the substitution of synthetic adhesives currently used: Urea‐formaldehyde (UF), Phenol‐formaldehyde (PF) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF). Modeling and simulation tools were used for the conceptual design of the reaction stage of the bio‐adhesives due to the lack of real data from industrial scale production systems. The life cycle assessment methodology was used to identify the environmental impacts associated with the production processes of these bio‐adhesives. The results obtained showed that tannin NIPU bio‐adhesive with ammonium hydroxide has the best environmental profile, although the other alternative bio‐adhesives also show good environmental profiles compared to synthetic adhesives. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out after evaluating the main hot spots in the production processes. In all of them, reductions of the environmental impacts have been observed, with the replacement of DMC by EC and the reduction of energy consumption being the options that showed the greatest improvements.
This volume discusses a broad range of themes and methodological issues around images, photography and film. It is about sharing a fascination about the visual history of education and how images ...became the most influential (circulating) media within the field of education on local, regional, national and international levels. Within this volume images are primarily analyzed as presenters, mediators, and means of observation. Images are seen as mobile reproducible media which play an active role within the public and educational sphere. They are means of observation and storytelling, they shape identities by presenting models of how we should act in and perceive the world, they circulate though different contexts and media, all of which impacts their meanings.
Collagen type I is the main organic constituent of the bone extracellular matrix and has been used for decades as scaffolding material in bone tissue engineering approaches when autografts are not ...feasible. Polymeric collagen can be easily isolated from various animal sources and can be processed in a great number of ways to manufacture biomaterials in the form of sponges, particles, or hydrogels, among others, for different applications. Despite its great biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, collagen type I also has some drawbacks, such as its high biodegradability, low mechanical strength, and lack of osteoinductive activity. Therefore, many attempts have been made to improve the collagen type I-based implants for bone tissue engineering. This review aims to summarize the current status of collagen type I as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering, as well as to highlight some of the main efforts that have been made recently towards designing and producing collagen implants to improve bone regeneration.
Urban systems are important consumers of resources and producers of wastes derived from the lifestyles and daily needs of their citizens. The quantification of environmental impacts arising from ...urban metabolism (UM) plays a key role in the design of more sustainable cities and in the development of decision‐making strategies into more effective urban policies. This article combines UM and lifecycle assessment methodology to quantify mass and energy flows within the city limits and derived urban environmental pressures, thus prioritizing the environmental perspective of sustainability. This methodology is applied to the two very different Spanish cities of Bilbao and Seville. The results acquired in this study identify the consumption of construction materials, electricity, fossil fuels, and food and beverages as environmental hotspots. The results are primarily affected by differences in the climate (extreme conditions), which mainly affect the consumption of fossil fuels, and differences in purchasing power, which mainly influence the intake of foodstuffs. Further research should focus on data management and quality as well as on designing more efficient cities (e.g., through the introduction of more energy‐efficient buildings, sustainable building materials, and public transport) in order to create improvements in their environmental profiles.
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), a T-cell malignant disease that mainly affects children, is still a medical challenge, especially for refractory patients for whom therapeutic options are ...scarce. Recent advances in immunotherapy for B-cell malignancies based on increasingly efficacious monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been encouraging for non-responding or relapsing patients suffering from other aggressive cancers like T-ALL. However, secondary life-threatening T-cell immunodeficiency due to shared expression of targeted antigens by healthy and malignant T cells is a main drawback of mAb-or CAR-based immunotherapies for T-ALL and other T-cell malignancies. This review provides a comprehensive update on the different immunotherapeutic strategies that are being currently applied to T-ALL. We highlight recent progress on the identification of new potential targets showing promising preclinical results and discuss current challenges and opportunities for developing novel safe and efficacious immunotherapies for T-ALL.
This paper argues that retail spaces, such as marketplaces, are increasingly becoming sites of urban contestation. The globalisation of retail, online shopping and the redevelopment of cities has ...pushed marketplaces to the margins, but they still serve millions of people, particularly the urban poor. Concurrently, marketplaces are branded as authentic consumption experiences for tourists and residents. Building on these contradictions, I propose a novel framework with three analytical lenses to reposition marketplaces as marginal city spaces that serve as productive sites for studying urban transformation processes across the Global North and South.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Great scallop (Pecten maximus) is a bivalve species belonging to the Pectinidae family that is deeply linked to the well‐known network of pilgrimages in Spain (The Way of Saint James), becoming a ...gourmet product of the Galician cuisine. The goal of this study was to fill the gaps that currently exist in a specific inventory dedicated to the capture and processing of great scallop, as well as to assess the environmental burdens derived from this system. The construction of a comprehensive life cycle inventory was one of the fundamental stages, gathering primary information from questionnaires filled out by 14 skippers and the manager of the evisceration plant in the port of Cambados. Diesel consumption of the fishing boats was identified as the major contributor to the environmental burdens. Furthermore, electricity consumption in the evisceration plant also stood out as a determinant element in the environmental profile of the product. The integrated GHG emission/protein content correlation placed the scallop in the quadrant of high‐protein content (the highest of the fisheries), but also high environmental impact (mainly due to the high fuel use intensity and low edible yield). It is important to highlight that to date and according to our knowledge, this is the first study that aims to analyze the environmental impacts of the great scallop fishery.
Objectives: We have undertaken a comprehensive study of common polymorphisms in genes of DNA repair, exploring both the risk of developing
colorectal cancer and the prognosis of patients.
Methods: ...Subjects from a case-control study (377 cases and 329 controls) designed to assess gene-environment interactions were genotyped
by use of an oligonucleotide microarray and the arrayed primer extension technique. Twenty-eight single nucleotide polymorphisms
in 15 DNA repair genes were included. The candidate genes belong to different DNA repair pathways: base excision repair ( OGG1, LIG3, APEX, POLB, XRCC1, PCNA , and MUTYH ), nucleotide excision repair ( ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC4 , and ERCC5 ), double-strand breaks repair ( XRCC2, XRCC3 , and XRCC9 ), and reversion repair ( MGMT ) genes.
Results: Polymorphism OGG1 S326C was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer odds ratio (OR), 2.3; 95% confidence interval (95% CI),
1.1-5.0, the risk being higher in younger individuals. A haplotype of ERCC1 was associated with increased risk (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-5.3). POLB P242R was also associated with decreased risk (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.05-0.99), although the number of variant allele carriers
was low. In the univariate analysis, adjusted for age, sex, and Dukes' stage, three polymorphisms were significantly associated
with better prognosis: XRCC1 R399Q hazard ratio (HR), 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.85, XRCC3 T141M (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97), and MGMT L84F (HR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-0.99). ERCC1 19007T>C was associated with worse prognosis (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.01-2.27). In a multivariate analysis, only XRCC1 R399Q and ERCC1 19007T>C remained significant. These associations were stronger among patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.
Conclusions: Although the overall effect of DNA repair genes in colorectal cancer etiology seems limited, their influence in the response
to chemotherapy and prognosis may be more relevant. This knowledge may help to clarify the utility of specific adjuvant treatments
according to the individual genetic background.
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