Pyridine, a compound with a heterocyclic structure, is a key player in medicinal chemistry and drug design. It is widely used as a framework for the design of biologically active molecules and is the ...second most common heterocycle in FDA-approved drugs. Pyridine is known for its diverse biological activity, including antituberculosis, antitumor, anticoagulant, antiviral, antimalarial, antileishmania, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer’s, antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, vasodilatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative effects. This review, spanning from 2022 to 2012, involved the meticulous identification of pyridine derivatives with antiproliferative activity, as indicated by their minimum inhibitory concentration values (IC50) against various cancerous cell lines. The aim was to determine the most favorable structural characteristics for their antiproliferative activity. Using computer programs, we constructed and calculated the molecular descriptors and analyzed the electrostatic potential maps of the selected pyridine derivatives. The study found that the presence and positions of the -OMe, -OH, -C=O, and NH2 groups in the pyridine derivatives enhanced their antiproliferative activity over the cancerous cellular lines studied. Conversely, pyridine derivatives with halogen atoms or bulky groups in their structures exhibited lower antiproliferative activity.
Two parallel feeding trials were conducted to determine the responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus, initially weighing 4.7±0.3g) and shortfin corvina (Cynoscion parvipinnis, initially weighing ...8.6±1.0g) to increasing dietary percentages of non-genetically modified soybean meal (SBM-3010), soybean protein concentrate (Soy-PC) and corn protein concentrate (Corn-PC) as replacements for menhaden fishmeal. A basal diet contained (dry-matter basis) 40% crude protein from menhaden fishmeal and 10% crude fat primarily from menhaden fish oil. Then, nine diets were formulated by replacing 25%, 50% and 75% of protein in the basal diet with SBM-3010, Soy-PC and Corn-PC, while adding crystalline supplements of lysine, methionine, taurine, and glycine. After 7weeks of culture for red drum and 8weeks for shortfin corvina, treatment mean final weights ranged from 28.8 to 40.7g and from 35.2 to 51.6g, respectively. Significant (P<0.05) differences were detected across all growth performance and feed utilization parameters for both red drum and shortfin corvina. When supplemented with amino acids, SBM-3010 and Soy-PC can replace up to 75% of menhaden fishmeal protein, and that Corn-PC can successfully replace up to 50% of fishmeal protein without compromising the performance of red drum. Likewise, for juvenile shortfin corvina, Soy-PC and Corn-PC can replace up to 75% of fishmeal protein in the diet, while SBM-3010 successfully replaced up to 50% of fishmeal protein without compromising fish performance. The whole-body proximate composition was significantly influenced by the dietary treatments in shortfin corvina, but not in red drum.
The present manuscript provided an excellent opportunity to conduct comparative nutrition research and advance the development of more sustainable diets for the aquaculture of sciaenid species. For red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, it was observed that Soybean meal (SBM) and soybean protein concentrate (Soy-PC) can replace up to 75% of fishmeal protein in the diet; while corn protein concentrate (Corn-PC) can successfully replace up to 50% of fishmeal protein, without compromising fish growth performance. For shortfin corvina, Cynoscion parvipinnis, Soy-PC and Corn-PC can replace up to 75% of fishmeal protein in the diet, while SBM successfully replaced up to 50% of fishmeal protein.
•lant protein sources replaced menhaden fishmeal protein in diets of the sciaenids red drum and shortfin corvina.•Test ingredients were soybean meal (SBM), soybean protein concentrate (Soy-PC), and corn protein concentrate (Corn-PC).•25, 50 and 75% of protein in the basal diet was replaced with these ingredients, while amino acids also were supplemented.•SBM and Soy-PC can replace up to 75% of fishmeal protein in the diet of red drum.•In addition, Corn-PC can replace up to 50% of fishmeal protein, without compromising red drum growth performance.•For shortfin corvina, Soy-PC and Corn-PC can replace up to 75% of fishmeal protein in the diet.•Also, SBM successfully replaced up to 50% of fishmeal protein without compromising the fish growth performance.•All three ingredients are good candidates for the partial replacement of fishmeal protein.
Limbaugh?s damselfish, Chromis limbaughi Greenfield & Woods, 1980, is endemic
to the Gulf of California, and one of the five most exploited species for
the aquarium trade in this region. C. limbaughi ...is a gonochoristic,
gregarious and territorial species without sexual dimorphism that inhabits
rocky, sheltered areas. Development of captive breeding techniques for this
species would not only ensure a continued supply of fish for the commercial
trade, but perhaps more importantly, it would also alleviate fishing
pressure and support stock enhancement. Thus, as a first step towards
achieving these goals, in this work, we investigated some aspects of the
reproductive biology of C. limbaughi. Seasonal fish samplings, with a total
of eighty-nine fish caught in one year, were carried out at San Esteban
Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. The reproductive season of C. limbaughi
extends, at least, from May to September. A new maximum standard length of
10.5 cm is reported for this species. The estimated size at first sexual
maturity was 7.90 cm for males and 7.59 cm for females. For both male and
female gonads, the major constituent fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic
acid, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and
arachidonic acid. The water-quality conditions under which maturation of C.
limbaughi took place were measured, and should prove useful for the
management of broodstock in captivity.
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Human consumption of sea urchin gonads has led to overexploitation of commercial species, and the search for new marketable species to promote the recovery of exploited populations. Echinometra ...vanbrunti is a promising candidate for commercial exploitation. Its annual reproductive cycle has an effect on the proximate composition of the gonads; if they were to be consumed, the best quality in biochemical composition was determined to be from December to May, when nutritive phagocytes uphold the highest contents of protein and lipid. They possess considerable levels of omega-3 essential fatty acids, predominantly eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, quite important for human nutrition. A subtle trend of higher DHA levels during the growing, premature, and mature gonadal stages of females and males was observed, though it is strongly influenced by diet and environment. A program to protect and regulate the sustainable extraction needs to be put in place before commercial exploitation.
The marine bioprocessing industry offers great potential to utilize byproducts for fish meal replacement in aquafeeds. Jumbo squid is an important fishery commodity in Mexico, but only the mantle is ...marketed. Head, fins, guts and tentacles are discarded in spite of being protein-rich byproducts. This study evaluated the use of two jumbo squid byproduct hydrolysates obtained by acid-enzymatic hydrolysis (AEH) and by autohydrolysis (AH) as ingredients in practical diets for shrimp. The hydrolysates were included at levels of 2.5 and 5.0% of the diet dry weight in four practical diets, including a control diet without hydrolysate. Shrimp growth and survival were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Postharvest quality of abdominal muscle was evaluated in terms of proximate composition and sensory evaluation. Significantly higher crude protein was observed in the muscle of shrimp fed the highest hydrolysate levels, AH 5% (204.8 g kg- 1) or AEH 5% (201.3 g kg- 1). Sensory analysis of cooked muscle showed significant differences for all variables evaluated: color, odor, flavor, and firmness. It was concluded that Jumbo squid byproducts can be successfully processed by autohydrolysis or acid-enzymatic hydrolysis, and that up to 5.0% of the hydrolysates can be incorporated into shrimp diets without affecting growth or survival.
Resumen El presente estudio evaluó el uso de las microalgas Arthrospira sp., Chlorella sp., Isochrysis sp. y Nannochloropsis sp. como constituyentes parciales del alimento balanceado para tilapia del ...Nilo ( Oreochromis niloticus ) bajo condiciones de cultivo estático en un estudio de 53 días de duración. Un alimento balanceado comercial con contenido de proteína cruda de 45% se utilizó como dieta control, mismo que se molió finamente y se reconstituyó incorporando, a un nivel de inclusión de 25% de la dieta, las harinas de las cuatro especies de microalgas mencionadas. Se analizaron parámetros de producción de tilapia, incluyendo índices de crecimiento y supervivencia, mediante análisis de varianza. Los índices de crecimiento, tales como peso final, peso ganado y porcentaje de peso ganado de los peces alimentados con las microalgas Arthrospira sp. y Chlorella sp., así como la supervivencia, fueron similares a los de aquellos que recibieron la dieta control, mientras que el crecimiento de peces alimentados con las microalgas Isochrysis sp. y Nannochloropsis sp. fue inferior estadísticamente. Estos resultados indican que Arthrospira sp. y Chlorella sp. pueden ser incorporadas a un nivel de 25% del alimento balanceado sin afectar significativamente el crecimiento o la supervivencia de O. niloticus.
El presente estudio evaluó el uso de las microalgas Arthrospira sp., Chlorella sp., Isochrysis sp. y Nannochloropsis sp. como constituyentes parciales del alimento balanceado para tilapia del Nilo ...(Oreochromis niloticus) bajo condiciones de cultivo estático en un estudio de 53 días de duración. Un alimento balanceado comercial con contenido de proteína cruda de 45% se utilizó como dieta control, mismo que se molió finamente y se reconstituyó incorporando, a un nivel de inclusión de 25% de la dieta, las harinas de las cuatro especies de microalgas mencionadas. Se analizaron parámetros de producción de tilapia, incluyendo índices de crecimiento y supervivencia, mediante análisis de varianza. Los índices de crecimiento, tales como peso final, peso ganado y porcentaje de peso ganado de los peces alimentados con las microalgas Arthrospira sp. y Chlorella sp., así como la supervivencia, fueron similares a los de aquellos que recibieron la dieta control, mientras que el crecimiento de peces alimentados con las microalgas Isochrysis sp. y Nannochloropsis sp. fue inferior estadísticamente. Estos resultados indican que Arthrospira sp. y Chlorella sp. pueden ser incorporadas a un nivel de 25% del alimento balanceado sin afectar significativamente el crecimiento o la supervivencia de O. niloticus.ABSTRACTIn the present study, the use of the microalgae Arthrospira sp., Chlorella sp., Isochrysis sp., and Nannochloropsis sp., as partial constituents in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), was evaluated in static tanks in a 53-day study, with a commercial diet containing 45% crude protein as a control treatment. Then, we replaced 25% of this diet with meals derived from each of the four microalgae species. Analysis of variance was employed to evaluate fish growth performance. Fish fed the diets with the microalgae Arthrospira sp. and Chlorella sp. had growth performance comparable to that of fish fed the control diet, as evaluated by growth parameters, such as final weight, weight gain, and percent weight gain, among others. In contrast, growth of fish receiving the microalgae Isochrysis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. was significantly lower. Results of the present study indicate that the use of 25% of Arthrospira sp. and Chlorella sp. meals incorporated into the diet of O. niloticus does not compromise fish development, although there seems to be an opportunity for a further increment of the replacement level.
Los subproductos de acuacultura tienen gran potencial como ingredientes en la industria acuícola como fuente proteica para satisfacer requerimientos nutricios de organismos disminuyendo costo e ...impacto ambiental. Se elaboró ensilado fermentado (EF) con homogenizado de subproductos frescos (SPF) de 30 organismos de tilapia Oreochromis niloticus con 10% de yoghurt natural comercial y 15% de melaza. Se evaluó pH y acidez del EF, análisis proximal, perfiles de aminoácidos y ácidos grasos del SPF y EF, efecto del ensilaje en proteínas sarcoplásmicas y desempeño biológico de bagre de canal Ictalurus punctatus alimentado con 5 niveles de EF sustituyendo harina de pescado en dietas isolipídicas. El EF presentó valores de pH de 4.44 y acidez titulable de 1.32. Proteína cruda y grasa cruda en SPF y EF fueron 41.8% y 41.5% y 12% y 10.5 respectivamente sin diferencias significativas (P>0.05). El bagre de canal alimentado con 5% de EF presentó tasa de crecimiento específica de 2.94%/día, factor de conversión alimenticia de 1.38, supervivencia de 84.07% y factor de condición K de 0.87, sin diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) en comparación con la dieta de 0% de inclusión. Los resultados muestran la factibilidad de sustituir hasta 5% de harina de pescado por EF de subproductos de tilapia como ingrediente proteico, sin afectar el crecimiento y supervivencia de bagre de canal.
Shrimp, like all crustaceans, require essential fatty acids (EFA) and phospholipids (PL) for proper metabolism, yet research efforts are needed to gain a better understanding of their metabolism, as ...well as to establish their dietary requirements throughout the shrimp's life cycle. The present study investigated dietary lipid requirements of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Effects of various oils, alone or in combination with PL, as well as the effect of PL and various dietary lipid levels on quantitative requirements for EFA were evaluated under controlled conditions using semi-purified diets. Dietary PL, provided as soybean lecithin, improved shrimp growth regardless of the kind of dietary oil. However, menhaden fish oil supported the most rapid growth of L. vannamei compared to coconut, linseed, peanut or soybean oil, because it provided more of the EFA, particularly n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Neither linoleic (LOA) nor linolenic (LNA) acid, alone (at 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0% of diet) or in combination (LNA/LOA ratio of 1, 3 or 9), improved weight gain significantly, compared to shrimp fed a basal diet supplemented only with palmitic and stearic acids, suggesting that for this open-thelycum species, requirements for LOA and LNA are negligible. However, significant improvement in the growth response was observed in shrimp fed a diet containing 0.5% of an n-3 HUFA mixture, indicating a higher nutritional value of these fatty acids for L. vannamei. In fact, HUFA like arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids, and the n-3 HUFA mixture, significantly improved shrimp growth when provided at 0.5% of diet, compared to LOA or LNA at 0.5% of diet or the basal diet. Fatty acid analyses of hepatopancreas and muscle generally reflected dietary lipid composition. Quantitative requirements of L. vannamei for EFA did not increase as dietary lipid increased from 3 to 9% of diet. However, elevated dietary lipids did affect total lipid composition of shrimp by increasing lipid deposition in hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Better understanding of lipid nutrition of juvenile L. vannamei was achieved from the present study. Resulting information can be applied in the formulation of high-quality, inexpensive feeds to use in the aquaculture industry.
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